2 Matter building block particles Force carrying particles

孤独、寂寞、冷 2 费米子： Matter building block particles 蚂蚁 大象 玻色子： Force carrying particles

1930年： 衰变 二体衰变 4 能量守恒危机 = 新物理 ? e r c dis J. Chadwick 1914/C. Ellis 1920 -1927 y c n pa 怎么解释

费米的 衰变理论 7 Enrico Fermi 将三个崭新的概念结合起来， I will be remembered 发展出 衰变的有效场论： for this paper. ★ Pauli’s idea: neutrinos ------ Fermi in Italian Alps, Christmas 1933 ★ Dirac’s idea: creation of particles ★ Heisenberg’s idea: isospin symmetry

弱相互作用：弱在何处？ 9 From Fermi’s current-current interaction to weak charged-current gauge interactions (exercise: g). 低能有效理论 标准理论

1956年： 发现中微子 10 F. Reines and C. Cowan detected reactor antineutrinos via two flashes separated by some s

第二类中微子 11 The muon neutrino, the muon’s neutral counterpart, was discovered by Leon Lederman, Melvin Schwartz and Jack Steinberger in 1962. Neutrino flavor conversion was proposed by Z. Maki, M. Nakagawa and S. Sakata in 1962. Bruno Pontecorvo: formulated neutrino oscillation in 1968.

太阳为什么发光发热？ 13 Only the neutrinos could be observed. light/photon Hans Bethe (1939), George Gamow & Mario Schoenberg (1940, 1941) Raymond Davis: born in 1914, discovery in 1968 and Nobel Prize in 2002 Observed the solar neutrinos and an anomaly in 1968

SNO实验结果 16 Nucl-ex/0610020 J. Bahcall Solar electron neutrinos convert to muon and tau neutrinos!

1998年：大气中微子 18 Atmospheric muon neutrino deficit was firmly established at Super-Kamiokande (Y. Totsuka & T. Kajita 1998). SK水 契仑柯 夫探测 器

Exciting 2012 8 March 4 July H 历史瞬间 25

大奖 26 2016 Fundamental Physics Breakthrough Prize 三百万美金 Kam-Biu Luk: the Daya Bay Collaboration Yifang Wang: the Daya Bay Collaboration Koichiro Nishikawa: the K 2 K/T 2 K Collaboration Atsuto Suzuki: the Kam. LAND Collaboration Arthur B. Mc. Donald: the SNO Collaboration Takaaki Kajita: the Super K Collaboration Yoichiro Suzuki: the Super K Collaboration 大亚湾中微子实验荣获 2006年度国家自然科学一等奖 江门中微子实验正在进行中，旨在测量中微子质量等级

2017年：已知与未知 We’ve learnt a lot from oscillations: It’s more exciting that the SM is incomplete, although the Higgs has been discovered. But a number of burning questions: the Majorana nature? the absolute mass scale? the mass hierarchy? the octant of the Dirac phase ? ? the Majorana phases? the sterile neutrino species? 27

结束语：眼光、智商、健康、运气… 28 科研的原动力本应是我们对这个世界的种种好奇：Curiosity is the very basis of education and if you tell me that curiosity killed the cat, I say only the cat died nobly ----- A. Edinborough ent i t o u Q otion 情商 Em 商 逆 张益唐 Boltzmann ent i t o u Q nce e g i l l e t In Adversity Quotient Feynman 智商 小练习 http: //www. iqtest. dk