2 D waves in water A bobber moves
2 -D waves in water A bobber moves up and down in simple harmonic motion and produces water waves. Bright rings are wave crests; dark rings are wave troughs. These waves are produced by a point source. Top view of a sine wave.
Two point sources How can we explain this pattern? Where the pattern is brightest, a maximum occurs. Where the pattern is darkest, a minimum occurs.
Interference is the superposition (i. e. addition) of waves. Wave 1 Wave 2
Total Constructive Interference The wave crests of one wave coincide with the wave crests of the other wave. The result is a wave crest that has twice the amplitude. wave 1 wave 2 wave 1 + wave 2
Total Destructive Interference The wave crests of one wave coincide with the wave troughs of the other wave. The result is a wave of zero amplitude. wave 1 wave 2 wave 1 + wave 2
Path Difference = n If a wave is shifted 1 or 2 , etc. , then total constructive inteference will occur. wave 1 wave 2 1 Wave 1 TRAVELS FARTHER than wave 2 by an amount 1. The same result would occur if it traveled farther by an amount 2 3 etc. The difference in the distance the waves travel from their sources is called path difference. When the path difference at a point = n , total constructive interference occurs.
In Phase If a wave is shifted 1 or 2 , etc. , then total constructive inteference will occur. wave 1 wave 2 1 1 wavelength is 360 for a sine function. Because total constructive interference occurs, we say the waves are in phase.
Poll wave 1 wave 2 What is the path difference between wave 1 and wave 2? That is, how much farther does wave 1 travel than wave 2? 1. 1 3. 3 2. 2 4. 4
Path Difference = (2 n-1) /2 If a wave is shifted or 3 , etc. , then total destructive inteference will occur. wave 1 wave 2 corresponds to a phase difference of
Out of Phase If a wave is shifted or 3 , etc. , then total destructive inteference will occur. wave 1 wave 2 corresponds to a phase difference of 180. When the phase difference is 180 , the waves are out of phase, and total destructive interference occurs.
Poll wave 1 wave 2 What is the path difference between wave 1 and wave 2? That is, how much farther does wave 1 travel than wave 2? 1. 1 2. 2
If two identical sources S 1 and S 2 are 180° out of phase, as shown here, then if point P is moved to a location 2 l further from S 1 than from S 2, there will be _____ at P. A. total constructive interference B. total destructive interference C. something in between . P . . . PATH 1 PATH 2 S 1 . S 2 center line
If two identical sources S 1 and S 2 are 180° out of phase, as shown here, then if point P is moved to a location l further from S 1 than from S 2, there will be _____ at P. A. total constructive interference B. total destructive interference C. something in between . P . . . PATH 1 PATH 2 S 1 . S 2 center line
Two point sources How can we explain this pattern? Interference of two waves. The maxima correspond to total constructive interference. The minima correspond to total destructive interference.
Two point sources The path difference from the sources at a maximum is n. The path difference from the sources at a minimum is (2 n-1) /2.
Finding the maxima
Path Difference for Maxima therefore
Example Label each line of maxima with the integer n corresponding to a path difference of 0, 1 , 2 , etc.
Example If the distance d between the sources is increased, what happens to the angle to the first maxima? (i. e. the “spread” of the maxima)
Poll If you decrease the wavelengths of the waves produced by the sources, the angle of the first maxima (i. e. the spread in the maxima) 1. increases 2. decreases 3. remains the same
SOURCE 1 SOURCE 2 S 1 S 2 Water wave patterns spreading out from two identical point sources S 1 and S 2 (the crests are in white) can be superimposed by sliding them towards each other on the track until they overlap. (Click to continue stepwise animation)
5. (continued) SOURCE 1 SOURCE 2 S 1 S 2 (Click to continue stepwise animation)
5. (continued) SOURCE 1 SOURCE 2 S 1 S 2 (Click to continue stepwise animation)
5. (continued) SOURCE 1 SOURCE 2 S 1 S 2 (Click to continue stepwise animation)
5. (continued) SOURCE 1 SOURCE 2 S 1 S 2 a. Along the red lines, where there is a crest from one wave, there will be a ________ from the other wave. A. crest B. trough C. point of zero displacement
5. (continued) SOURCE 1 SOURCE 2 S 1 S 2 b. If we continue to slide the sources closer together, the pattern of red lines will ________. A. become more spread out B. become less spread out C. remain unchanged
5. (continued) SOURCE 1 SOURCE 2 P S 1 S 2 c. The pattern is now not shown, but the red lines show the directions in which there is constructive interference. Thus, at a particular instant, there is a _____ arriving at point P from each source. A. crest B. trough C. point of zero displacement D. [A and B are both possible correct answers. ] E. [A, B, and C are all possible correct answers. ]
P S 1 S 2 Water waves spread out from two identical point sources S 1 and S 2. The crests are shown in white. At point P, the displacement of the water from its undisturbed level will _______ be zero. A. always B. sometimes C. never
Which one of the points A, B, C, D, and E is on a second line of constructive interference (n = 2) from the center? . E B A C . S 1 . D. S 2 Two identical, in-phase sources of water waves
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