2 Cells and Tissues Lesson 2 1 Molecules
- Slides: 45
2 Cells and Tissues Lesson 2. 1: Molecules of Life Lesson 2. 2: Cells Lesson 2. 3: Tissues
Cells and Tissues Lesson 2. 1 Molecules of Life
Molecules of Life • • • carbohydrates proteins lipids nucleic acids water © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Carbohydrates • sugars or starch molecules • simple carbohydrates – glucose • complex carbohydrates – glycogen © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Proteins • chains of amino acids • amino acids linked by peptide bonds • protein structure – primary – secondary – tertiary • protein functions © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Lipids • • • fats and oils fatty acids glycerides phospholipids steroids © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Nucleic Acids • chains of nucleotides • DNA – base pairs • RNA – messenger RNA – transfer RNA – ribosomal RNA • ATP © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Water • structure of water • hydrogen bonding • good solvent © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Water • p. H – acid – base – neutral © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Review and Assessment True or False? 1. Proteins are made up of fatty acids. 2. Glucose is a simple carbohydrate. 3. A steroid is a type of lipid. 4. A nucleic acid is a chain of amino acids. 5. Water has one hydrogen atom. © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Chapter 2: Cells and Tissues Lesson 2. 2 Cells
Cells • anatomy and physiology of a cell • DNA, RNA, and proteins • life cycle of a cell © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Anatomy and Physiology of Cells • plasma membrane – regulates in and out movement • cytoplasm – liquid and organelles inside cell • nucleus – control center of cell © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Plasma Membrane Components • • • phospholipid bilayer cholesterol channel proteins aquaporins glycoproteins © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Membrane Transport • passive – no energy required – diffusion • active – requires energy – sodium-potassium pump © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Cytoskeleton • strengthens and shapes the cell • fiber types – microfilaments – intermediate filaments – microtubules © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Organelles in the Cytoskeleton • microvilli – increase surface area • cilia – move mucus • centrioles – assist in cell division © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Review and Assessment Match these words with 1– 4 below: nucleus, cytoskeleton, cilia, passive. 1. no energy required 2. control center of cell 3. strengthens and shapes cell 4. moves mucus © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Mitochondria and Energy • mitochondria – powerhouses of cell • energy transformation – glycolysis – citric acid cycle – make ATP © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Golgi Apparatus • makes vesicles – move materials out of cell • makes lysosomes – contain digestive enzymes © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Ribosomes and Endoplasmic Reticulum • ribosomes – make polypeptides • endoplasmic reticulum – network of membranes – smooth – rough © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
The Nucleus • enclosed by nuclear envelope • contains DNA – wrapped around histones • nucleolus – makes ribosomal RNA © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
DNA, RNA, and Proteins • DNA makes RNA • RNA makes proteins © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Life Cycle of a Cell • interphase • the mitotic phase – mitosis • • prophase metaphase anaphase telophase – cytokinesis © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Mitosis • prophase – chromatin condenses into chromosomes, cell membrane breaks down • metaphase – chromosomes line up in the center of the cell • anaphase – centromeres are cut in half, sister chromatids pull toward centrioles • telophase – chromosomes “decondense, ” new nuclear membrane forms © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Mitosis © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Cytokinesis • the cytoplasm divides into two parts, the final step of cell division © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Cancer • cancer cell – grows too much – grows where it does not belong – does not die when it should © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Review and Assessment Fill in the blanks below with: mitochondria, metaphase, or ribosome. 1. The ________ is the powerhouse of the cell. 2. The ________ makes polypeptides. 3. ________ is a stage of mitosis. 4. DNA is wrapped around ________. © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Chapter 2: Cells and Tissues Lesson 2. 3 Tissues
Types of Tissues • • epithelial tissue–lines and covers connective tissue–supports muscle tissue–generates force nerve tissue–conveys information © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Epithelial Tissue • apical (outside) • basal (inside) © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Epithelial Cell Shapes • squamous – flat • cuboidal – square • columnar – tall © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Epithelial Cell Arrangement • simple – one layer • stratified – more than one layer • other – transitional • stretchable © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Review and Assessment True or False? 1. Connective tissue provides support. 2. Transitional epithelial stretches. 3. Cuboidal cells are flat. 4. Stratified means more than one layer. 5. Epithelial glands secrete substances. © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Connective Tissue • functions – – strengthens the body and organs protects internal organs maintains the shape of organs provides rigid framework for muscles to pull • fibers – collagen – reticular – elastic © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Classes of Connective Tissue • connective tissue proper – wide variety of locations and functions – plays a role in immune defenses • cartilage – provides support and flexibility – minimizes friction • bone tissue (osseous tissue) – provides framework, protects organs, supports body • blood – provides transportation, regulation, and protection – carries oxygen and nutrients, and carbon dioxide © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Types of Connective Tissue • connective tissue proper – loose – dense • cartilage • bone © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Loose Connective Tissue • loose connective tissue – areolar–under epithelium – reticular–spleen – adipose–fat © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Dense Connective Tissue • dense connective tissue – regular dense–tendons – irregular dense–dermis – dense elastic–large artery walls © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Cartilage • chondroblasts • hyaline – ends of long bones • elastic – external ear • fibrocartilage – intervertebral discs © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Bone • osseous tissue – protects organs – supports the body © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Types of Muscle Tissue • skeletal • cardiac • smooth © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Nerve Tissue • • central nervous system peripheral nervous system glial cells neurons © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Review and Assessment Match the following with 1– 4 below: skeletal, collagen, nervous tissue, elastic cartilage. 1. muscle tissue type 2. external ear 3. fiber 4. glial cells © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.