2 Basic Types of Cells 1 Prokaryotic 2
2 Basic Types of Cells 1) Prokaryotic 2) Eukaroytic
Plasma membrane • Structure – Main component is phospholipids that are arranged in a double layer (bilayer) – Has scattered proteins within the phospholipids
Function of the Plasma Membrane • Regulate what gets into or leaves the cell
• Structure Nucleus – Surrounded by a double membrane – This “nuclear membrane” has pores • Function – Holds the chromosomes (DNA) and the nucleolus
Nucleolus • Structure – Small dark structure in the nucleus • Function – Produce ribosomes
Chromosomes • Structure – String-like structures in the nucleus made of DNA and protein • Function – Contain your genes
Ribosomes • Small structures (NOT made of membrane) • Make proteins
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum • Structure – Canals and tubes made of membrane – Have ribosomes attached to the outside • Function – Transport materials in the cell – Make proteins
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum • Structure – Canals and tubes made of membrane – NO ribosomes attached • Function – Makes lipids – Detoxifies poisons
Golgi Apparatus • Stacks of membrane sacs • Chemically modifies substances • Packages material for transport out of the cell or to other locations within the cell
Vesicles • Small membrane “bubbles” that bud off the ER or Golgi • Transport materials to new locations
Lysosomes • Structure – “bubbles” of membrane that contain enzymes • Function – Use enzymes to break down old organelles – In white blood cells are used to destroy bacteria
Central Vacuole • Structure – LARGE sac made of membrane – Found in center of plant cells • Function – Stores chemicals and water
Small vacuoles • Structure – Small membrane sacs • Function – Varied, depending on cell type
Chloroplasts • Structure – Surrounded by a double layer of membrane • Disks found inside • Function – Convert solar energy into chemical energy (food) – Site of photosynthesis
Mitochondria • Structure – Surrounded by a double membrane • Folds found on the inside • Function – Cellular Respiration • Converts energy in sugars into the energy of ATP molecule
• Structure Cell Wall – Found outside the plasma membrane – Plant made of cellulose • Function – Give support to certain cells (plant) – Does NOT determine what can get into/out of the cell
Cytoskeleton • Structure – Protein rods found inside the cell • Ex: microtubules • Function – Give the cell shape – Help to move organelles around the cell
Cilia and Flagella • Structure – Microtubules that extend from the cell – Flagella • Few and long – Cilia • Many and short • Function – Movement
Organelles • Structures within the cell that perform a specific job – – – – Plasma membrane Nucleus Nucleolus Ribosomes Rough endoplasmic reticulum Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Vesicles Vacuoles Lysosomes Chloroplasts Mitochondria Cell wall Cytoskeleton flagella / cilia
Ribosomes • Structure – Small, not surrounded by membrane – Found in cytosol and embedded in the rough endoplasmic reticulum • Function – Make proteins
• Structure – – Cilia / Flagella Made of microtubules Extensions of the cell membrane Cillia: short and many Flagella: long and few
B C D A CD (CONTAINING DIGESTIVE ENZYMES) E BE AB BD AC BC AE AD
BE A BD BC B AE C AD AC D AB E
D B C A
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