2 3 CarbonBased Molecules KEY CONCEPT Carbonbased molecules
2. 3 Carbon-Based Molecules KEY CONCEPT Carbon-based molecules are the foundation of life.
2. 3 Carbon-Based Molecules Objectives for Section 2 -3 • Describe the importance of carbon’s unique bonding properties • Describe and give examples of the four main-types of carbon-based macromolecules found in living things
2. 3 Carbon-Based Molecules Carbon atoms have unique bonding properties. • Carbon forms covalent bonds (share e-) with up to four other atoms, including other carbon atoms. • Three general types of structures. straight chain branched chain ring
2. 3 Carbon-Based Molecules Characteristics of carbon VS. • Makes up ~ half your body’s dry weight
2. 3 Carbon-Based Molecules • Many carbon-based molecules are made of many small subunits bonded together. – Monomers are the individual subunits. – Polymers are made of many monomers.
2. 3 Carbon-Based Molecules Four classes of macromolecules Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids
2. 3 Carbon-Based Molecules Four main types of carbon-based molecules are found in living things. • (1) Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (CHO).
2. 3 Carbon-Based Molecules Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (CHO) – Carbohydrates include sugars and starches. – Monosaccharides (monomer) are simple sugars. – Polysaccharides include starches, cellulose, and glycogen.
2. 3 Carbon-Based Molecules • Carbohydrates can be broken down to provide KEY SOURCE of energy for cells • Some are part of cell structure. Polymer (starch) Starch is a polymer of glucose monomers that often has a branched structure. Polymer (cellulose) monomer Cellulose is a polymer of glucose monomers that has a straight, rigid structure
2. 3 Carbon-Based Molecules All other organic compounds are derived from carbohydrates • C, H, O can be rearranged into different nutrients such as lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
2. 3 Carbon-Based Molecules • (2) Lipids are nonpolar molecules that include fats, oils, and cholesterol. – Many contain carbon chains called fatty acids. – Fats and oils contain fatty acids bonded to glycerol. Triglyceride
2. 3 Carbon-Based Molecules • Lipids have several different functions. – broken down as a source of energy – make up cell membranes – used to make hormones
2. 3 Carbon-Based Molecules • Fats and oils have different types of fatty acids. – saturated fatty acids – unsaturated fatty acids
2. 3 Carbon-Based Molecules Saturated fats • Solid at room temp, made from animals, and have tail chains with single bonds only between carbon atoms • Examples include butter and lard
2. 3 Carbon-Based Molecules Ø Unsaturated fats • Liquid at room temp, made from plants, and have at least one double bond between carbon atoms in tail chain • Examples include olive oil, veggie oil, sunflower oil, etc. Ø Polyunsaturated fats have more than one double bond in tail
2. 3 Carbon-Based Molecules • Phospholipids make up all cell membranes. – Polar phosphate “head” – Nonpolar fatty acid “tails” Phospholipid
2. 3 Carbon-Based Molecules • (3) Proteins are polymers of amino acid monomers. (CHON – sometimes S) – Twenty different amino acids are used to build proteins in organisms.
2. 3 Carbon-Based Molecules • Proteins are polymers of amino acid monomers. – Amino acids differ in side groups, or R groups. – Amino acids are linked by peptide bonds.
2. 3 Carbon-Based Molecules • Proteins differ in the number and order of amino acids. – Amino acids interact to give a protein its shape. – Incorrect amino acids change a protein’s structure and function. Hemoglobin hydrogen bond
2. 3 Carbon-Based Molecules Protein examples include • Enzymes • Collagen –structural (in skin & bones) • Hair and muscles • Antibodies (defends against infection) • Hemoglobin (carries Oxygen)
2. 3 Carbon-Based Molecules • (4) Nucleic acids are polymers of monomers called nucleotides. DNA!
2. 3 Carbon-Based Molecules • Nucleic acids are polymers of monomers called nucleotides. – Nucleotides are made of a sugar (deoxyribose), phosphate group, and one of four nitrogenous bases. A phosphate group deoxyribose (sugar) nitrogen-containing molecule, called a base A, T, C, & G
2. 3 Carbon-Based Molecules • Nucleic acids are polymers of monomers called nucleotides. – DNA stores genetic information DNA RNA – RNA builds proteins.
2. 3 Carbon-Based Molecules Quick Quiz Time üEach question will be worth 2 points üYou may NOT talk and/or communicate with a classmate üScores will be collected and recorded at the end of the chapter
2. 3 Carbon-Based Molecules 7. Carbon is unique due to the carbon atom’s A. Bonding properties B. Six outer unpaired electrons C. Ionic compounds D. Hydrogen bonding strength
2. 3 Carbon-Based Molecules 8. Proteins are composed of which monomers? A. Amino acids B. Fatty acids C. Monosaccharides D. Nucleic acids
2. 3 Carbon-Based Molecules 9. Which category of carbonbased molecules is the body’s first key source of energy? A. Nucleic Acids B. Proteins C. Lipids D. Carbohydrates
2. 3 Carbon-Based Molecules End of Show
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