2 3 Carbohydrates Lipids CARBOHYDRATES Remember Carbohydrates are

2. 3 Carbohydrates & Lipids

CARBOHYDRATES

Remember. . • Carbohydrates are ringed or linear molecules made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen always in a 1: 2: 1 ratio.

Monosaccharides • Monomers of polysaccharides. • Include glucose, ribose, and fructose. • This monosaccharides link together to form disaccharides and polysaccharides

Disaccharides

Making Polysaccharides

Cellulose • Made by linking multiple glucose molecules into a chain. • Since straight, multiple bundles can form. • This is what makes cell walls rigid.

Starch • Carbohydrate storage for plants. • Instead of being straight, chains come out curved.

Glycogen • How animals and some fungi store excess glucose. • Stored in liver and some muscles.

Lipids

Triglycerides • Formed by a condensation reaction of three fatty acids and one glycerol. • Found in adipose tissue of animals. Ester bond

Functions of Lipids Functions of lipids 1. Cell membrane structure 2. Lipids can be used as insulation from the cold (i. e. blubber) 3. Can also be used for energy storage 4. And lipids help organisms be buoyant (like marine mammals)

BMI • Body Mass Index • BMI= mass in kg (height in m)2

Fatty Acids • Lipids made of long C chains with a carboxyl group (COOH) on the end. • Chain length can vary from 14 C-20 C in living things. • Can be saturated or unsaturated.

Saturated fats • The fatty acid has all single bonds between the carbons.

Unsaturated Fats • At least one carbon has a double bond. • One double bond=monounsaturated • Two or more double bonds=polyunsaturated

Cis Fats • If H are on the same side of the double bond, a fatty acid is a cis fat. • These fats do not stack well and are generally liquid at room temperature.

Trans Fats • Happen when H are opposite sides of a double bond. • Stack well, solid at room temperature. • Manufactured fats can lead to coronary issues.