2 1 Kinesiology for Manual Therapies Chapter 2

2 -1 Kinesiology for Manual Therapies Chapter 2 Neuromuscular Fundamentals Mc. Graw-Hill © 2011 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

2 -2 Learning Outcomes o o Mc. Graw-Hill 2 -1 Review the basic anatomy and function of the muscular and nervous systems. 2 -2 Identify terminology used to describe muscular locations, arrangements, characteristics, and roles, as well as neuromuscular functions. © 2011 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

2 -3 Learning Outcomes 2 -3 List the different types of muscle contractions and the factors involved in each. ¡ 2 -4 Define neuromuscular concepts in relation to how muscles function in joint movement and work together to achieve motion. ¡ 2 -5 Describe the neural control mechanisms for movement. ¡ Mc. Graw-Hill © 2011 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

2 -4 Introduction ¡ Muscle contraction produces the force that causes joint movement. ¡ Muscles provide protection, contribute to posture, and support and produce a major portion of body heat. ¡ There are more than 600 skeletal muscles. Mc. Graw-Hill © 2011 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

2 -5 Introduction (cont. ) ¡ Mc. Graw-Hill Aggregate muscle action – muscles work in groups to achieve joint movement © 2011 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

2 -6 Muscle Nomenclature ¡ Muscles are named for: l Shape, size, number of divisions l Direction of fibers, location, points of attachment l Action, action and shape, action and size l Shape and location, location and attachment l Location and number of divisions Mc. Graw-Hill © 2011 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

2 -7 Shape of Muscles and Fascicle Arrangement Skeletal muscles may be grouped in two major types of fiber arrangements: parallel and pennate. Mc. Graw-Hill © 2011 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

2 -8 Shape of Muscles and Fascicle Arrangement Parallel muscles have fibers arranged parallel to the length of the muscle and are categorized into shape. Mc. Graw-Hill © 2011 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

2 -9 Shape of Muscles and Fascicle Arrangement (cont. ) Parallel muscles include: ¡ Flat ¡ Fusiform ¡ Strap ¡ Radiate ¡ Sphincter Mc. Graw-Hill © 2011 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

2 -10 Shape of Muscles and Fascicle Arrangement (cont. ) Classification of Muscles Mc. Graw-Hill © 2011 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

2 -11 Shape of Muscles and Fascicle Arrangement (cont. ) Pennate muscles have shorter fibers that are arranged obliquely similar to a feather. Mc. Graw-Hill © 2011 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

2 -12 Shape of Muscles and Fascicle Arrangement (cont. ) Pennate muscles are categorized on the basis of the exact arrangement between the fibers and the tendon: ¡ Unipennate ¡ Bipennate ¡ Multipennate Mc. Graw-Hill © 2011 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

2 -13 Muscle-Tissue Properties Skeletal muscle tissue has four properties related to its ability to produce force and movement about the joints. ¡ Mc. Graw-Hill © 2011 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

2 -14 Muscle-Tissue Properties (cont. ) Irritability ¡ Contractibility ¡ Extensibility ¡ Elasticity ¡ Mc. Graw-Hill © 2011 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

2 -15 Muscle Terminology Intrinsic Extrinsic Action Innervation Amplitude Mc. Graw-Hill Gaster Tendon Origin Insertion © 2011 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

2 -16 The Muscular System Anterior View Mc. Graw-Hill © 2011 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

2 -17 The Muscular System (cont. ) Posterior View Mc. Graw-Hill © 2011 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

2 -18 Contraction: The Sliding-Filament Theory Myofilaments in muscle do not shorten during a contraction, but thin filaments slide over thick ones and pull the Z disks behind them. ¡ Mc. Graw-Hill © 2011 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

2 -19 Contraction: The Sliding-Filament Theory (cont. ) Mc. Graw-Hill © 2011 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

2 -20 Types of Muscle Contractions (Actions) Isometric – static contractions ¡ Isotonic – dynamic contractions ¡ Mc. Graw-Hill © 2011 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

2 -21 Types of Muscle Contractions (Actions) Isotonic contractions ¡ Concentric - shortening ¡ Eccentric - lengthening ¡ Mc. Graw-Hill © 2011 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

2 -22 Types of Muscle Contractions (Actions) (cont. ) Roles of Muscles ¡ Agonists, Antagonists, Stabilizers, Synergists, and Neutalizers ¡ Mc. Graw-Hill © 2011 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

2 -23 Tying Roles of Muscles All Together Actions of muscles that are performed depend on several factors, such as the motor units activated, joint position, muscle length, and relative contraction or relaxation of other muscles acting on the joint. Mc. Graw-Hill © 2011 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

2 -24 Tying Roles of Muscles All Together (cont. ) Agonist muscles are primarily responsible for a given movement. ¡ Antagonist muscles must perform the opposing action. ¡ Mc. Graw-Hill © 2011 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

2 -25 Tying Roles of Muscles All Together Mc. Graw-Hill © 2011 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

2 -26 Determination of Muscle Action The specific action of a muscle may be determined through a variety of methods. ¡ Lines of pull, anatomical dissection, palpation, models, electromyography, and electrical stimulation ¡ Mc. Graw-Hill © 2011 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

2 -27 Determination of Muscle Action Lines of Pull ¡ Mc. Graw-Hill Combining the knowledge of a particular joint’s functional design and the specific location of a musculotendinous unit as it crosses a joint is extremely helpful in understanding the muscle’s action on the joint. © 2011 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

2 -28 Determination of Muscle Action Lines of Pull (cont. ) The following factors will help the student understand the line of pull: ¡ Bony landmarks ¡ Planes of motion ¡ Axes of rotation ¡ Ability of the line of pull to change ¡ Mc. Graw-Hill © 2011 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

2 -29 Determination of Muscle Action Lines of Pull (cont. ) Other muscles contraction or relaxation ¡ Muscle length-tension relationship ¡ Biarticular or multiarticular muscles ¡ The direction of the fibers of muscles ¡ Mc. Graw-Hill © 2011 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

2 -30 Neural Control of Voluntary Movement ¡ Mc. Graw-Hill All voluntary movement is the result of the muscular and nervous system working together. © 2011 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

2 -31 Neural Control of Voluntary Movement (cont. ) Five levels of control: ¡ Cerebral cortex ¡ Basal ganglia ¡ Cerebellum ¡ Brainstem ¡ Spinal cord Mc. Graw-Hill © 2011 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

2 -32 Neural Control of Voluntary Movement (cont. ) ¡ ¡ ¡ Mc. Graw-Hill PNS – peripheral nervous system Sensory and motor divisions Spinal nerves © 2011 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

2 -33 Neural Control of Voluntary Movement (cont. ) The spinal nerve roots and plexuses Mc. Graw-Hill © 2011 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

2 -34 Neural Control of Voluntary Movement (cont. ) Dermatome ¡ Myotome ¡ Neurons ¡ Mc. Graw-Hill © 2011 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

2 -35 Proprioception and Kinesthesis ¡ Mc. Graw-Hill Proprioceptors are internal receptors located in the skin, joints, muscles, and tendons that provide feedback relative to tension, length, contraction of muscles, position of body, and movement of joints. © 2011 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

2 -36 Proprioception and Kinesthesis (cont. ) Muscle spindles ¡ Stretch reflex ¡ Golgi tendon organ ¡ Mc. Graw-Hill © 2011 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

2 -37 Proprioception and Kinesthesis (cont. ) Muscle spindles Mc. Graw-Hill © 2011 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

2 -38 Proprioception and Kinesthesis (cont. ) The patellar tendon reflex arc Mc. Graw-Hill © 2011 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

2 -39 Proprioception and Kinesthesis (cont. ) A Golgi tendon organ Mc. Graw-Hill © 2011 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

2 -40 Neuromuscular Concepts ¡ Mc. Graw-Hill All-or-none principle - the individual muscle fibers within a given motor unit will fire and contract either maximally or not at all. © 2011 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

2 -41 Neuromuscular Concepts (cont. ) ¡ Mc. Graw-Hill Factors affecting muscle tension development include the action potential, subthreshold stimulus, and the submaximal stimuli. © 2011 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

2 -42 Neuromuscular Concepts (cont. ) ¡ Mc. Graw-Hill Treppe is another type of muscle contraction that occurs when multiple maximal stimuli are provided at a lowenough frequency to allow complete relaxation between contractions. © 2011 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

2 -43 Neuromuscular Concepts (cont. ) ¡ Mc. Graw-Hill Muscle length-tension relationship The maximal ability of a muscle to develop tension and exert force varies depending on the length of the muscle during contraction. © 2011 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

2 -44 Neuromuscular Concepts (cont. ) Muscle length-tension relationship Mc. Graw-Hill © 2011 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

2 -45 Neuromuscular Concepts (cont. ) ¡ Mc. Graw-Hill Muscle force-velocity relationship – When the muscle is either concentrically or eccentrically contracting, the rate of length change is significantly related to the amount of force potential. © 2011 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

2 -46 Neuromuscular Concepts (cont. ) ¡ Mc. Graw-Hill Angle of pull is defined as the angle between the line of pull of the muscle and the bone on which it inserts. © 2011 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

2 -47 Neuromuscular Concepts (cont. ) Uniarticular, biarticular, and multiarticular muscles ¡ Reciprocal inhibition ¡ Active and passive insufficiency ¡ Mc. Graw-Hill © 2011 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

2 -48 Chapter Summary ¡ Mc. Graw-Hill Review the chapter summary for highlights of chapter content. © 2011 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

2 -49 Chapter Review ¡ The Chapter Review is divided into true and false, short answers, and multiple choice questions. ¡ The questions are designed for the students to test their knowledge. Mc. Graw-Hill © 2011 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

2 -50 Explore and Practice ¡ Mc. Graw-Hill Various levels of practice are explored with lab questions and charts to help review the material from this chapter. © 2011 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved