2 01 Remember the structures of the circulatory

2. 01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system 2. 02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system

Essential questions n What are the structures of blood? n What are the structures of the circulatory system? 2. 01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system 2

2. 02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system Essential questions: n n n n What are the functions of blood? What are some disorders of the blood? How are blood disorders treated? How do you relate the body’s use of nutrients to the blood? What are the functions of the circulatory system? What are some disorders of the circulatory system? How are disorders of the circulatory system treated? How do you relate the body’s use of nutrients to the circulatory system? 2. 02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system 3

Day 1 Warm up n Magic School Bus- Inside Ralphie

Structures of the circulatory system q Blood q Heart q Arteries q Veins q Capillaries 2. 01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system 5

What are the functions of blood? Transportation n. Transport O 2 from lungs, nutrients from digestive system, hormones from endocrine glands- to the cells of the body. n. Transports CO 2 and other waste products from the cells to the kidney’s and lung for removal. 2. 02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system 6

What are the functions of blood? Regulation n. Body heat by passing through the skeletal muscles. n. Fluid and electrolyte balance np. H balance- levels of acid and alkaline. 2. 02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system 7

What are the functions of blood? Protection n. From invasion and infection by pathogens and toxins. n. White blood cells 2. 02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system 8

Blood n n Hemat- = blood -ology = the study of The average adult has 8 – 10 pints. n 2. 01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system 9

Blood One drop of blood contains: q q q 5 million RBCs 250, 000 -500, 000 platelets 7, 500 WBCs Red blood cells live 120 days. Production of new blood cells- 2 million per second! 2. 01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system 10

Structures and Functions of the blood components n n Plasma Erythrocytes Leukocytes Thrombocytes 2. 02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system 12

Plasma n Straw-colored liquid n 55% of the blood’s volume q Water q Plasma proteins q Nutrients q Electrolytes q Hormones, vitamins, and enzymes q Waste products Plasma 2. 01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system Cellular elements 13

Plasma proteins n n n Fibrinogen Albumin Globulin q Gamma globulin q Prothrombin Plasma Cellular elements 2. 01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system 14

Plasma Proteins n n n Fibrinogen-Needed for blood clotting Albumin- Keeps the correct amount of water in the blood. Globulins- Form antibodies for protection from infection.

Plasma n What is the role of plasma in circulation? n Discuss its relevance to health. Plasma Cellular elements 2. 01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system 16

Erythrocytes Appearance n Biconcave disk- donut shaped n Don’t have a nucleus- cannot reproduce themselves. Hemopoeisis Function n Hemoglobin- iron containing red pigament n Transportation q q Oxygen- from lungs to cells Carbon dioxide- from cells to lungs. 2. 01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system 17

Erythrocytes Starts here n Hemolysis q What is it? q Where does it occur? q q What is the lifetime of an erythrocyte? What happens to old erythrocytes? 2. 02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system 19

Leukocytes n n n Larger than erythrocytes Our protection from infection. Five types Leuk/o/cytes – white cells 2. 01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system 20

Leukocytes n Agranulocytes Lymphocytes- Produce Antibodies and directly Attack invaders. q Monocytes- Destroy By phagocytosis. q 2. 01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system 21

Leukocytes n Granulocytes q q q Neutrophils- Very aggressive fighting bacteria by phagocytosis. High numbers produced. Eosinophils- Parasite infections and some allergic reactions. Basophils- Stimulate allergic reactions. 2. 01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system 22

Leukocytes n What is the function of leukocytes? n Compare leukocytes to erythrocytes. 2. 02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system 23

Thrombocytes (Platelets) q q q Smallest of solid components of blood Synthesized or produced in red marrow Not cells, composed of fragments of megakaryocytes Necessary for the initiation of the blood clotting process If the number of platelets is too low, excessive bleeding can occur. However, if the number of platelets is too high, blood clots can form (thrombosis), 2. 01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system 25

Thrombocytes (Platelets) What is their function? Maintains hemostasis q Hemo. Stasis- 2. 02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system 26

Thrombocytes 2. 02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system 27

Processing Blood Structures and Functions- Copy from board into notebook. Directions- Unscramble the word and in your own words, explain the function of each blood structure unscrambled. n

2. 01 Structures and Functions of the Circulatory System Hematology Day 2

Warm up Penguin Prof- Take Notes http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=L 06 TJTMVk Bo n http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=z 1 r. RTna. W r. Mw&list=TL 56 e 2 f. GLf 57 U n

Blood types n Inherited from parents q Determined by presence or absence of an antigen on the surface of the red blood cell 2. 01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system 32

n In 1901, the Austrian immunologist Karl Landsteiner discovered that blood may be grouped into four main types. n Based on the reaction that resulted when blood from different individuals were mixed. 2. 01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system 33

Rh factor 2. 02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system 34

Blood types q q Someone with type A antigen has B antibodies Someone with type B antigen has A antibodies Someone with type AB antigen has no antibodies Someone with type O antigen has A and B antibodies 2. 01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system 35

Blood types q q Compare blood types. (antigen/antibodies) A B AB O Who can receive type O blood? 2. 02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system 36

Rh factor n Rhesus (Rh) factor is an inherited trait that refers to a specific protein found on the surface of red blood cells (antigen). n Blood used in transfusions must match donors for Rh status as well as for ABO blood type. n Although Rh factor doesn't affect the patient’s health, it can affect pregnancy. 2. 01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system 37

Rh factor n In 1940, the Rh factor was discovered as a result of studying Rhesus monkeys. n When blood from monkeys was injected into rabbits and guinea pigs, it clotted. 2. 01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system 38

Rh factor n If the blood has the protein, the patient is Rh positive. n If the blood lacks the protein, the patient is Rh negative. 2. 01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system 39

Rh Factor http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=5 xjdik 6 z. Fj. M http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=w. ELl. Hcz. KYI o

Rh factor 2. 02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system 41

Processing n n n Blood Types Handout Blood Typing Worksheet Functions of Blood Cells WS

Blood Disorders Day 3

Warm up 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Which blood type has “A” antibodies? Which blood type has no antibodies? If you have AB+ blood type, what type of blood can you receive by transfusion? What blood type is the universal donor? What blood type id the universal recipient? An untreated Rh negative mother is having an Rh positive baby. What condition will the baby likely have?

Warm Up Answers 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Which blood type has “A” antibodies? B Which blood type has no antibodies? AB If you have AB+ blood type, what type of blood can you receive by transfusion? All Types What blood type is the universal donor? OWhat blood type is the universal recipient? AB+ An untreated Rh negative mother is having an Rh positive baby. What condition will the baby likely have? Erythroblastosis Fetalis

Inflammation 2. 02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system 46

Inflammation Cause n Body’s reaction to chemical or physical trauma n PATHOGENIC – disease producing microorganisms can cause inflammation n Why? Bacterial toxins, increased blood flow, collection of plasma in tissues (edema) n HISTAMINE increases the blood flow to the injured area Symptoms – redness, local heat, swelling, fever and pain n PUS produced – a combination of dead tissue, dead and living bacteria, dead leukocytes and plasma n ABSCESS – pus-filled cavity below the epidermis Treatment Antibiotics, surgery, pain medication. Prognosis Good if treated early

Inflammation

Blood Disorders 50

Anemia- Cause and Treatment Cause Deficiency in number or % of red cells q q Usually in women, children and adolescents Deficiency of iron in the diet causing insufficient hemoglobin synthesis Hemmorghage Decreases Erythropoiesis- What is this? Treatment q Iron supplements, green leafy vegetables, increased protein intake (liver), in severe cases blood transfusion. Prognosis Excellent if treated early

Embolism vs. Thrombus Embolism Air, blood clot, cancer cells, fat, etc. that is carried by the bloodstream until it reaches an artery too small for passage q Also known as a “moving blood clot” q Stops the flow of blood Cause q Particle breaking lose in the blood stream traveling to an area where it blocks the blood flow. Pulmonary Embolisms/ Air Embolisms/ Fat Embolisms can cause death. q Thrombus The formation of a blood clot in a blood vessel q Attached or non moving clot q Stops the flow of blood Cause q Hyperclotting of the blood q Smoking q Heart Disease q Chemotherapy q Septicemia q

Embolism vs. Thrombus Symptoms and Treatment Pulmonary Symptoms n shortness of breath, rapid breathing, or wheezing n bloody sputum n cough n lightheadedness, dizziness, fainting n sharp chest pain or back pain Treatment n Blood Thinners n Thrombectomy Prognosis Poor if goes to heart or lungs- high chance of causing death. Symptoms Usually in legs q Swelling q Warmth q Redness q Pain q Color pale below the clot with decreased pulse and capillary refill Treatment q Blood thinners q Thrombectomy Prognosis Good if treated early if not could lead to amputation.

Blood disorders 2. 02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system 54

Contusion/ Hematoma Contusion- Bruise near the surface Hematoma- Organ space (Subdural Hematoma) Cause n Contusions/Hematoms occur when a direct blow or repeated blows from a blunt object strike part of the body, crushing underlying muscle fibers and connective tissue without breaking the skin. A contusion can result from falling or jamming the body against a hard surface. Symptoms n Sometimes a pool of blood collects within damaged tissue, forming a lump over the injury. Discoloration of the skin- purple, dark red- bruise Treatment n RICE- rest, ice, compress, elevate, surgical if subdural hematoma Prognosis Excellent If subdural, can lead to brain herniation and brain death

Blood disorders 2. 02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system 56

Blood disorders Review the symptoms of hemophilia. Discuss why these symptoms occur. 2. 02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system 57

Hemophilia Cause n People with hemophilia have too little —or even none—of a protein in the blood called [clotting factor]. Hemophilia most often affects males and, in most cases, is inherited (passed down through families). n Hemophilia is a type of bleeding disorder that causes the blood to take a long time to [clot]. This can cause abnormal bleeding, or bleeding that won't stop. People with hemophilia have too little—or even none—of a protein in the blood called [clotting factor]. n Can be mild, moderate or severe Symptoms n Bleeding following injury or surgery n [Spontaneous bleeding](spontaneous means that the bleeding occurs without an apparent cause) n Bruising n Pain and swelling resulting from bleeding into joints and muscles n Blood in the urine or stool n Heavy bleeding following circumcision n Unexplained nosebleeds n Brain bleeds n Bleeding in the joints Treatment n Concentrates of clotting factor VIII (for hemophilia A) or clotting factor IX (for hemophilia B) are slowly dripped or injected into a vein. Prognosis Poor

Hemophilia

Blood disorders n Leukemia What is leukemia? Review the symptoms of leukemia. Discuss why these symptoms occur. 2. 02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system 60

Leukemia Cause Bone marrow makes abnormal (immature) white blood cells. These are large and prolific crowding normal blood cells. At least ten different types Risk Factors Exposure to radiation, chemicals, previous chemotherapy, some forms are genetic. No single known cause Treatment Splenectomy, chemotherapy and radiation with bone marrow transplant Stem cell transplant Prognosis Good to excellent-90% of all childhood leukemias can be cured.

Blood disorders n Multiple myeloma What is multiple myeloma? What are the symptoms? How is it treated? 2. 02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system 62

Multiple Myeloma Cause Symptoms n A plasma cell is a type of white n Bone pain and broken bones blood cell that normally n Nausea and vomiting produces antibodies to fight n Weakness and tiredness infections. Patients with n Frequent infections multiple myeloma have cancerous plasma cells, also n Nervous system problems called myeloma cells, which n Anemia replace and form tumors in n Hypercalcemia bones and, occasionally, in various soft tissues of the body. Treatment Myeloma cells may also n High doses of chemotherapy, prevent the bone marrow from radiation, stem cell transplant making enough red blood cells, and bone marrow transplant white blood cells, and platelets. Prognosis Good to Poor- depending on what stage the disease in in.

Blood disorders n Polycythemia What is polycythemia? a Plasm What are the symptoms? lar Cellu s nt eleme How is it treated? 2. 02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system 64

Polycethemia Cause q q Too many red blood cells are formed in the bone marrow May be a temporary condition that occurs at high altitude Treatment Phlebotomy, low dose aspirin Prognosis Excellent Symptoms n Headache • Sweating • Ringing in the ears • Blurred vision or blind spots • Dizziness or vertigo • Reddish or purplish skin • Unexpected weight loss • Bleeding or clotting • Early feeling of fullness (satiety) • Itching (pruritis), especially after the shower • Burning and redness of the hands or feet • Tiredness (fatigue) • Night sweats • Bone pain

Blood disorders n Septicemia 2. 02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system 66

Septicemia Cause n n Sepsis is a serious medical condition caused by an overwhelming immune response to infection. Chemicals released into the blood to fight infection trigger widespread inflammation. Inflammation may result in organ damage. Blood clotting during sepsis reduces blood flow to limbs and internal organs, depriving them of nutrients and oxygen. In severe cases, one or more organs fail. In the worst cases, infection leads to a life-threatening drop in blood pressure, called septic shock. This can quickly lead to the failure of several organs - lungs, kidneys, and liver -- causing death. Early diagnosis is essential Symptoms Fever and shaking chills or, alternatively, a very low body temperature n Decreased urination n Rapid pulse n Rapid breathing n Nausea and vomiting n Diarrhea n Rapid breathing n Altered mental status- confusion Treatment n Broad-spectrum antibiotics, which kill many types of bacteria n IV fluids to maintain blood pressure n Oxygen to maintain normal blood oxygen Prognosis Good if treated early- can be fatal n

Blood disorders n Sickle cell anemia What is sickle cell anemia? What are the symptoms? How is it treated? 68

Sickle Cell Anemia

Sickle Cell Anemia. Symptoms Anemia n Cause n Genetic disease that affects mainly africian-americans. The body makes sickleshaped red blood cells. “Sickle-shaped” means that the red blood cells are shaped like a crescent. Sickle cells are stiff and sticky. They tend to block blood flow in the blood vessels of the limbs and organs. Blocked blood flow can cause pain and organ damage. Prognosis Good to poor Fatigue n Shortness of breath n Dizziness n Headaches n Coldness in the hands and feet n Paler than normal skin or mucous membranes n Jaundice n Pain- sickle cell crisis Treatment n Bone marrow transplants, pain medication, antibiotics, oxygen, blood transfusions, Hydroxyurea (stimulates the growth of fetal hemaglobin), stem cell transplant. n

Sickle Cell n http: //www. nhlbi. nih. gov/healthtopics/sca/signs. html

Processing n Review of blood disorders/ diseases

Day 4 n n n Disorders of the blood handout Cause Symptoms Treatment Prognosis Hematology Study Guide- study for exam tomorrow

2. 01 Structures of the Circulatory System

Warm up- Day 2 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. How many chambers are there in the heart? Which is the only vein that has oxygenated blood? What is the valve called between the right atrium and right ventricle? What is the structure that divides the heart into right and left sides? What is the great vessel that takes oxygenated blood to the body? What kind of pump is the heart?

Warm up Day 2 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. How many chambers are there in the heart? - 4 Which is the only vein that has oxygenated blood? Pulmonary Vein What is the valve called between the right atrium and right ventricle? Tricuspid valve What is the structure that divides the heart into right and left sides? Septum What is the great vessel that takes oxygenated blood to the body? Aorta What kind of pump is the heart? Double Pump

Structures of the circulatory system q Heart 2. 01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system 77

Heart 2. 01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system 78

Heart Aorta Superior vena cava Pulmonary artery Aortic semilunar valve Pulmonary vein Right atrium Left atrium Tricuspid valve Bicuspid (mitral) valve Inferior vena cava Pulmonary semilunar valve Right ventricle Left ventricle Septum Apex 2. 01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system 79

Chambers of the Heart Right Side- Deoxygenated Blood n Right Atrium n Right Ventricle Left Side- Oxygenated Blood n Left Atruim n Left Ventricle

Valves of the Heart Right Side Left Side Tricuspid- Between the Mitral Valve- Between right atrium and right the left atrium and left ventricle Pulmonary Semilunar Aortic Semilunar Valve- Between the between the left right ventricle and the aorta pulmonary artery

Major Vessels Right Side Superior and Inferior Vena Cava’s- from body to right atruim Pulmonary Artery- right ventricle to lungs Left Side Pulmonary Vein- From lungs to left atrium Aorta- from left ventricle to the body

Layers of the Heart n n n Pericardium- thin outside layer of the heart Myocardium- Heart muscle Endocardium- Thin inside layer of the heart

Layers of the heart Left atrium Right atrium Pericardium Myocardium Endocardium Right ventricle Left ventricle 2. 01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system 84

What are the functions of the heart? 2. 02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system 85

Functions of the heart Did you know? At rest, 2 ounces of blood is circulated with each heart beat. 2. 02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system 86

Functions of the heart It’s a Double PUMP What do pumps do? How does this relate to heart function? 2. 02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system 87

Hear the beat! 2. 02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system 88

Blood Pressure FYI n Blood pressure is the surge of blood when heart pumps creates pressure against the walls of the arteries n SYSTOLIC PRESSURE q n Measured during the contraction phase DIASTOLIC PRESSURE q Measured when the ventricles are relaxed What is the normal range of blood pressure for an adult? 2. 02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system 89

Functions of the heart Transportation What does the heart transport? What is involved in the transportation process? How is this a circulatory system function? 2. 02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system 90

The transportation process Discuss systemic circulation 2. 02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system 91

The transportation process Right side Left Side Superior vena cava Inferior vena cava Right atrium Tricuspid valve Right Ventricle Pulmonary valve Pulmonary artery Pulmonary vein Left atrium Bicuspid valve Left ventricle Aortic valve Aorta Body Lungs CO 2 and O 2 exchange (Schematic of systemic circulation) 2. 02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system 92

The transportation process n n Discuss cardiopulmonary circulation Compare Systemic Circulation To Cardiopulmonary Circulation 93

Vessels of the circulatory system 2. 01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system 94

Structures of the circulatory system n ARTERIES 2. 01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system 95

Vessels of the circulatory system n ARTERIES q q q What are the functions of arteries? What are the characteristics of arteries? Which direction do arteries flow? 2. 02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system 96

Vessels of the circulatory system n ARTERIES q Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the capillaries Elastic, muscular and thick-walled Transport blood under very high pressure q Arteries > arterioles > capillaries q q 2. 01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system 97

Vessels of the circulatory system Describe arterial blood. 2. 02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system 98

Vessels of the circulatory system Arterial blood Oxygen rich Bright red, spurts 2. 01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system 99

Structures of the circulatory system n VEINS 100

Vessels of the circulatory system n VEINS q q What is the function of veins? What are the characteristics of veins? Which direction do veins flow? Compare arterial and venous blood. 2. 02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system 101

Vessels of the circulatory system n VEINS q q q Carry deoxygenated blood away from capillaries to the heart Veins contain a muscular layer, but less elastic and muscular than arteries Thin walled veins collapse easily when not filled with blood Veins have values that permit flow of blood only in direction of the heart Veins > Venules > Capillaries 2. 01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system 102

Vessels of the circulatory system Venous blood Oxygen poor Dark crimson, oozes 2. 01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system 103

Vessels of the circulatory system Capillaries What is the function of capillaries? What happens if this action is obstructed? 104

Structures of the circulatory system q Capillaries n The smallest blood vessels n Connect arterioles to venules Exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen. Picks up cellular waste. n n 2. 01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system 105

Processing n Labeling Activity 1 and Label the Structures of the Heart WS

2. 01 Structures of the Circulatory System 2. 02 Functions of the Circulatory System

Day 3 Warm up Blood Pressure http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=q. Wti 317 qb_ w n Heart Songhttp: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=pwilm. N 80 XE n CPR n http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=g. Njz 8 Jo. Yjl U n

Functions of the heart It’s a PUMP What makes the pump work? It’s electric! Explain the electrical activity of the heart. 2. 02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system 109

Electrocardiogram n n n EKG or ECG SYSTOLE = contraction phase DIASTOLE = relaxation phase Baseline of an EKG is a flat line: P = Atrial contraction QRS = Ventricular contraction T = Ventricular relaxation 2. 02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system 110

It’s electric! Discuss the function of the heart’s conduction system. 2. 02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system 111

Conduction system of heart beats Refer to your textbook to identify the structures of the heart’s conduction system in the correct sequence for the heart to beat. 2. 01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system 112

Electrical System of the Heart n n n S-A node (sinoatrial node) — known as the heart's natural pacemaker, the S-A node has special cells that create the electricity that makes your heart beat. Located at the top of the right atrium A-V node (atrioventricular node) — the A-V node is the bridge between the atria and ventricles. Electrical signals pass from the atria down to the ventricles through the A-V node. Located at the bottom of the right atrium. His-Purkinje system — the His-Purkinje system carries the electrical signals throughout the ventricles to make them contract. The parts of the His-Purkinje system include: o His Bundle (the start of the system) o Right bundle branch o Left bundle branch o Purkinje fibers (the end of the system) n n http: //highered. mcgrawhill. com/sites/0072495855/student_view 0 /chapter 22/animation__conducting_syste m_of_the_heart. html http: //www. bostonscientific. com/lifebeatonline/heart-smart/electrical-system. html

Pulse sites n Alternating expansion and contraction of an artery as blood flows through it. 2. 01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system 114

Pulse Sites n http: //quizlet. com/97076 62/pulse-sites-flashcards/

Common pulse sites 116

Processing Locating Pulses http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=74 v 4 m. EWh Oao n Media Center to complete posters n

2. 02 Functions and Disorders of the Circulatory System Day 4

Day 4 - Warm up 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. What is the pulse site called at the back of the knees? How many chambers are there in the heart? What are their names? What valve is also called “bicuspid”? What are the fibers that cause the ventricles to contract? What is the pulse site you would normally take a persons pulse? What is the color of venous blood? What is the contraction phase of the heart called? What is the normal blood pressure? What are the smallest blood vessels? What is the major vessel that takes oxygenated blood from the heart to the body?

Warm up answers 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. What is the pulse site called at the back of the knees? Popliteal How many chambers are there in the heart? What are their names? 4 - right and left atria and right and left ventricles What valve is also called “bicuspid”? Mitral What are the fibers that cause the ventricles to contract? Purkinje fibers What is the pulse site you would normally take a persons pulse? Radial pulse What is the color of venous blood? Dark red What is the contraction phase of the heart called? Systole What is the normal blood pressure? 120/80 What are the smallest blood vessels? Capillaries What is the major vessel that takes oxygenated blood from the heart to the body? Aorta

Circulatory disorders Aneurysm- a Protrusion in the artery Wall caused by Weakening of the Vessel wall n 121

Circulatory disorders n Angina pectoris- decreased oxygen to the heart muscle causing temporary chest pain. Is an indicator of underlying coronary artery disease. 2. 02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system 122

Circulatory disorders Arrhythmia Is any change from normal heart rate or rhythm n n BRADYCARDIA q n Slow heart rate (<60 beats per minute) TACHYCARDIA q Rapid heart rate (>100 beats per minute) 2. 02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system 123

Circulatory disorders n Arteriosclerosis 2. 02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system 124

Circulatory disorders n Atherosclerosis 2. 02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system 125

Circulatory disorders n Coronary artery disease - caused by a diet high in fat and cholesterol, smoking and lack of exercise. Plaque forms on the walls of the coronary arteries causing occlusion of blood. This causes death to the heart muscle and a possible heart attack. 2. 02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system 126

Circulatory disorders Hypertension n n What is hypertension? A condition where the pressure in the arteries is elevated. The higher the blood pressure the harder it is for the heart to pump. What factors influence the development of hypertension? q Heredity, diet (high fat and salt intake), age q (increases the older you are), obesity, smoking, stress, q decreasing flexibility of the blood vessels 2. 02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system 127

Hypertension How is it treated? q q q Changes in diet, weight loss, exercise, relaxation techniques, decreased alcohol intake, smoking cessation, medications Why is it called the “silent killer? ” It usually does not have any symptoms

Circulatory disorders n Heart failure- The heart is weakened and cannot pump blood effectively to the body. The ventricles do not function properly causing blood to back up in the lungs. 129

Circulatory disorders n Murmurs-an extra or unusual sound heard during a heartbeat. Heart valve problems, septal defects (also called holes in the heart), and diseases of the heart muscle such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy are common heart defects that cause abnormal heart murmurs. 130

Circulatory disorders n Myocardial infarction 2. 02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system 131

Circulatory Disorders Coronary Artery Disease n Narrowing of the small blood vessels that supply blood and oxygen to the heart muscle. Build up of plaque in the coronary artery walls. n Is the usual cause of a heart attack (myocardial infarction) n n Risk Factors- gender, age, race, genetics, diabetes, elevated BP, smoking, substance abuse. Treatment- Medications, diet, angioplasty, coronary artery bypass grafts

Trans-Ischemic Attacks n n A temporary interruption of blood flow / seconds to 24 hours / not significant enough to cause tissue death / precursor to CVA and heart attack Symptoms- Same as a CVA but they improve quickly to normal.

Cerebrovascular Accident- stroke n n n A sudden blood deficit resulting from ischemic (death of cells) or hemorrhagic lesions in the brain Risk Factors- hypertension / heart disease / diabetes / cigarette smoke / physical inactivity / obesity / excessive alcohol consumption / high blood cholesterol & lipids / TIA / previous stroke. http: //www. webmd. com/stroke/ss/slideshow-strokeoverview? ecd=ppc_google_stroke+symptom s_1008_Broad&medium=tsa&gclid=CPiwi. Zf. U 5 rk. CF a. Xm 7 Aod. AVQAMA

CVA Symptoms n n n Sudden numbness or weakness of the body, especially on one side. Sudden vision changes in one or both eyes, or difficulty swallowing. Sudden, severe headache with unknown cause. Sudden problems with dizziness, walking, or balance. Sudden confusion, difficulty speaking or understanding others. Call 911 immediately if you notice any of these symptoms.

Test for CVA

Circulatory Disorders n Varicose veins- Enlarged veins that are not effective in returning blood to the heart. Caused by long periods of standing or pregnancy. n Prevention q q q Wear sunscreen Elevate legs when resting Wear elastic support stockings Eating fiber diets Exercise Weight control