1917 Czar Nicholas II absolute ruler of Russia

1917

• • • Czar Nicholas II- absolute ruler of Russia Pogrom- Violent attack on Jewish community Duma- Russian legislature Bolshevik- member of 1917 Russian Communist revolutionary group Soviet- council of workers and soldiers set up by Russian Revolutionaries

p Rasputin- “Mad Monk”; manipulated royal family of Russia p Lenin- leader of Bolshevik Party; first leader of Communist Russia or Soviet Union p Trotsky- High- ranking member of Communist Party; next in line to Lenin p Stalin- “ Man of Steel”; came to power after Lenin died and Trotsky was murdered

Czarist Rule p Corrupt Government p Feudalism p Peasant Unrest p Ethnic Tensions and Persecution of Minority Groups Pogroms p Military defeat in Russo-Japanese War (1904) p “Bloody Sunday” p

Bloody Sunday Peaceful marchers gathered in St. Petersburg to ask the Czar to reform the government Fearing an uprising, Czar Nicholas II ordered soldiers to fire on the crowd Many Russians turned against the Czar

p After Bloody Sunday, strikes and revolts swept across country. Fearing he would lose his power, Czar Nicholas II gave into the demands of the people.

Czar issues “October Manifesto” granting reforms and freedoms p Czar sets up the Duma, a legislature (lawmaking body), but then dissolves it when they disagree with him continues pogroms and issues laws to take power away from the Duma p

Lack of Industrialization p Involvement in WWI p n n Shortage of weapons and supplies Embarrassing defeats Shortages of food, fuel, and housing p Manipulation of Czarina Alexandra by Rasputin Russians don’t trust her (She’s also German) textbook p

Promised Peace, Land, and Bread Promised to rid Russia of ethnic, religious, and class discrimination Known as the Red Army Fought the Czar’s supporters known as the White Army ***video

p The Bolsheviks n n Established a One-Party Totalitarian Dictatorship Outlawed religion, ended freedom of the press, and set up a secret police

p Lenin was the first leader of the Soviet Union. He quickly realized that Pure Communism wasn’t working and he introduced a New Economic Plan which included elements of capitalism. He died shortly thereafter p A power struggle between Trotsky and Stalin resulted in Trotsky’s death and Stalin became the new leader of the Soviet Union

Russification- Forced all ethnic groups in Soviet Union to speak Russian and give up their own cultural practices p 5 Year Plans- Industrialized Russia/ Soviet Union, but at the cost of 60 million lives p Ruled with an iron fist; dissidents were sent to forced labor camps called gulags. p Great Purge- Stalin’s Reign of Terror p Master of propaganda p

Stalin Both Robespierre

Create a chart comparing Stalin and Robespierre Stalin Both Robespierre Dictators Great Purge- 800, 000 died Reign of Terror - 40, 000 Promoted women’s rights Fake democracy Man of Steel Nicknames The Incorruptible

p Communism only worked when the government employed force could not last forever

Similarities p p p p p Ruled by absolute monarchs who used divine right to justify their rule Corrupt government Famine Bread riots Unequal land distribution- remains of feudalism Rigid social class structure Debt from foreign wars Queen was a foreigner from the country of the enemy Revolution was led by radicals Both radical groups used three word slogan to gain support of commoners

Similarities p p p p p Both King/ Czar and radicals used secret police and censorship to control the people Both king and czar called a legislature and then threw them out Radicals tried to get rid of their enemies with a reign of terror Religion was outlawed under the leadership of the radicals Land was seized from the Church Food was taken from farmers by the radical govt. Both had actually experienced three revolutions Both were taken over by dictators who promoted nationalism and imperialism to “save” other countries from corrupt leadership Both took land power from the nobility

Similarities p p p Both faced attack from foreign powers Both absolute monarchs were executed by the radicals Both experienced civil war (conservatives versus nationalist radicals) Both countries followed expansionist (imperialist) policies after the revolution and civil war Dictators came to power at the end of revolution compromised their beliefs to stabilize the country

French Rev Russian Rev Louis XVI Absolute Monarchs Czar Nicholas II Jacobins Radical groups Bolsheviks “Liberty, Equality, Fraternity” Three-word slogans “Peace, Land, and Bread” Robespierre, Napoleon Dictators Lenin, Stalin Marie Antoinette Foreign queens Alexandra Napoleon Foreigners come to power Stalin American Revolution Foreign wars WWI England, Austria, and Spain Faced attacks from foreign countries England France

French Rev Robespierre terror followed by Napoleon reformer Russian Rev Post revolution leadership Lenin reformer followed by Stalin terror