1914 1918 The World at War Causes of

1914 -1918: The World at War

Causes of the War

Alliances w Agreements made between nations to support each other in case of war – Germany saw France as a threat to peace, so they wanted to isolate France – Formed Central Powers: Germany, Austria. Hungary, and Ottoman Empire

1. The Alliance Syste m Central Powers (Triple alliance): Allied Powers (Triple Entente) Germany Great Britain France Austria Hungary Russia Turkey Italy

Alliances Cont’d w In 1890 Russia forms a defensive military alliance with France. – Why would this worry Germany? w Allied Powers formed between Britain, France + Russia

The Major Players: 1914 -17 Allied Powers: Central Powers: Nicholas II [Rus] Wilhelm II [Ger] George V [Br] Victor Emmanuel II [It] Enver Pasha [Turkey] Pres. Poincare [Fr] Franz Josef [A-H]

Europe in 1914

2. Militarism & Arms Race Total Defense spending for the Great Powers [Ger. , A-H, It. , Fr. , Br. , Rus. ] in millions of £s. 1870 1880 1890 1900 1914 94 130 154 268 289 398 1910 -1914 Increase in Defense Spending France 10% Britain 13% Russia 39% Germany 73%

The War of the Industrial Revolution: New Technology

3. Industrial Revolution w The Industrial Revolution enables the countries of Europe to get into an arms race

Germany’s “Big Bertha” Gun aka the Howitzer

The Shell

French Renault Tank 1 st tank with fully rotating turret

British Tank at Ypres

U-Boats

Allied Ships Sunk by U-Boats

Flame Throwers Grenade Launchers

The Airplane “Squadron Over the Brenta” Max Edler von Poosch, 1917

Looking for the “Red Baron? ”

The Red Baron

The Zeppelin

Poison Gas Machine Gun

Modernized Weapons w The Industrial Rev. leads to more modern weapons, which leads to MORE DEATHS

3. Imperialism w European nations competed for colonies in Africa and Asia w Leads to a deepening sense of rivalry and mistrust w Germany and France almost fought over control of Morocco

Negatives (-) Competition and Rivalries w Ex 1. Germany challenged Britain’s econ. power by becoming the fastest growing economy (steel) w Ex 2. France never got over losing territory to Germany in the Franco-Prussian War w Ex 3. Austria-Hungary tried to dominate the Balkans where there were many different ethnic groups (Czechs, Slavs, Croats, Serbs)

The “Spark”

Nationalism w Feeling pride in and loyalty to one’s nation

The Balkans, 1914 The “Powder Keg” of Europe

Archduke Franz Ferdinand & His Family

MURRRRRDERRRR! w On June 28 th, 1914 the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, Archduke Franz Ferdinand his wife visited Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia and rode through the streets in an open car. w They were both shot by 19 year old Gavrilo Princip, FROM SERBIA, a member of the Black Hand- a secret society dedicated to ridding Bosnia of Austrian rule

The Assassination: Sarajevo

The Assassin: Gavrilo Princip

Who’s To Blame?

w Out of anger Austria sent the following demands to Serbia: – No anti-Austrian speech – No anti-Austrian govt. workers – Austria gets to come + investigate murder

War? w Austria expected that Serbia would reject, thus giving her the excuse to declare war. w Serbia did not accept all their demands… On July 28 th Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia

WAR! w Assassination of the Archduke Ferdinand sparks the war. Alliance system draws everyone in the war: w July 30 th- Russia mobilized its armies- moved troops towards Germany and Austria w August 1 st- Germany declared war on Russia w August 3 rd- Germany declared war on France w August 4 th- Britain declared war on Germany

w Why did Great Britain declare war on Germany?

Germany’s Military Plan w Known as the Schlieffen Plan w 1. A large part of the German army would race to the west to defeat France w 2. After defeating France, the army would return to fight Russia in the east – SPEED was the key to the plan

The Schlieffen Plan

Mobilization w Home by Christmas! w No major war in 50 years! w Nationalism!

Recruitment Posters

A Young Australian Recruit

Recruits of the Central Powers A German Soldier Says Farewell to His Mother Austro. Hungarians

New French Recruits

Soldiers in the Trenches

A German Boy Pretends to Be a Soldier

The Western Front w Region in northeast France w Sept. 3 rd: German units on the edge of Paris w Sept. 5 th: Allies attacked the Germans by the Marne River: 1 st major battle of the war w Sept. 9 th: the Germans retreat

The Western Front

w Why was the Battle of the Marne important? – The Schlieffen Plan did NOT work, so Germany must fight a 2 -front war • What is a 2 -front war? ? ?

A Multi-Front War

Trench Warfare w Huge casualties for small land gains w Life in the trenches was miserable: muddy, rats, no sleep, etc w “No Man’s Land”: space between the opposing trenches w “Over the Top”: charging out of the trenches to enemy lines

Trench Warfare

Trench Warfare “No Man’s Land”

Trench Foot

Verdun – February, 1916 e German offensive. e Each side had 500, 000 casualties.

The Somme – July, 1916 e 60, 000 British soldiers killed in one day. e Over 1, 000 killed in 5 months.

War Is AWFUL!

Sacrifices in War

Women and the War Effort

Financing the War

For Recruitment

Munitions Workers

French Women Factory Workers

Working in the Fields

A Woman Ambulance Driver

Red Cross Nurses

Women in the Army Auxiliary

Russian Women Soldiers

Posters: Wartime Propaganda

Kaiser Wilhelm II - Germany

Australian Poster

American Poster

Financing the War

Which side does this cartoon support? We will teach you… run!

America Joins the Allies

The Sinking of the Lusitania 128 US citizens killed while on board

The German Submarine that sunk the Lusitania

The Zimmerman Telegram

The Yanks Are Coming!

Americans in the Trenches

11 a. m. , November 11, 1918 The Armistice is Signed!

Over 10, 000 Dead

The Somme American Cemetary, France 116, 516 Americans Died

World War I Casualties

“Paths of Glory” C. R. W. Nevinson, 1917

“Gassed and Wounded” Eric Kennington, 1918

“A Street in Arras” John Singer Sargent, 1918

Wilson’s 14 Points w 28 th President of USA w Wanted to create peace w/ 14 Points

Important Points w No secret alliances – Wanted League of Nations where everyone would protect each other + settle arguments w/o war w Freedom to travel by sea w Return of conquered land from WWI + Franco-Prussian War w Colonies should have right to control themselves: selfdetermination (especially Austro-Hungarian Empire)

Treaty of Versailles w Germany forced to take 100% of the blame for WWI – Weakened army, no more air force, no more U -boats – Forced to pay $80 Billion ($433 billion in 2013)

w T of V destroys the German economy and unemployment increases. w Germany is much weaker after WWI w German people grow bitter and upset over the years. w This leads to…