19 The Emergence of Mass Society in the

19 The Emergence of Mass Society in the Western World

The Industrial Regions of Europe at the End of the Nineteenth Century

The Growth of Industrial Prosperity Ô New Products and New Patterns ] ] ] Ô Toward a World Economy ] ] ] Ô Substitution of steel for iron Electricity Internal combustion engine Increased industrial production Germany replaces Britain as industrial leader Europe’s two economic zones Products from all over the world Europe dominates The Spread of Industrialization in Russian and Japan Women and Work: New Job Opportunities

Organizing the Working Class Ô Karl Marx (1818 -1883) and Friedrich Engels (1820 -1895), The Communist Manifesto ] ] ] Ô German Social Democratic Party (SPD), 1875 ] ] Ô Ô In the Reichstag worked to pass legislation to improve the conditions of the worker 4 million votes in 1912 elections in Germany Second International Revisionists ] Ô History is that of class struggles Overthrow the bourgeoisie Eventually there would be a classless society Reject revolutionary approach and believed in reform Trade Unions ] ] Right to strike in Britain gained in 1870 s 4 million members by 1914 in Britain

© 2003 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license. Population Growth in Europe, 1820 -1900

The Emergence of Mass Society Ô New Urban Environment ] Growth of cities: by 1914, 80 percent of the population in Britain lived in cities (40 percent in 1800); 45 percent in France (25 percent in 1800); 60 percent in Germany (25 percent in 1800); and 30 percent in eastern Europe (10 percent in 1800) • Migration from rural to urban ] Improving living conditions • Boards of health set up • Clean water into the city • Expulsion of sewage ] Housing needs • V. A. Huber • British Housing Act, 1890, allowed town councils to construct cheap housing for workers

The Social Structure of Mass Society Ô The Elite ] ] Ô The Middle Classes ] ] Ô 5 percent of the population that controlled 30 to 40 percent of wealth Alliance of wealthy business elite and traditional aristocracy Upper middle class, middle-class, lower middle-class Professionals White-collar workers Middle class values in the Victorian period The Lower classes ] ] ] 80 percent of the European population Agriculture Skilled, semi-skilled, unskilled workers

The Experiences of Women Ô Marriage and the Family ] Difficulty for single women to earn a living • Most women married ] Birth control • Female control of family size ] Middle-class family • Men provided income and women focused on household and child care • Fostered the idea of togetherness • ] Victorian ideas Working-class families • Daughters work until married • 1890 to 1914 higher paying jobs made it possible to live on the husband’s wages • Material consumption

Movement for Women’s Rights Ô Ô Ô Fight to own property Access to higher education by middle and upper-middle class women Access to jobs dominated by men: teaching, nursing Demand for equal political rights ] Most vocal was the British movement ] Emmeline Pankhurst (1858 -1928), Women’s Social and Political Union, 1903 ] Suffragettes Support of peace movements The New Woman ] Bertha von Suttner

Education in an Age of Mass Society Ô Ô In early 19 th century reserved for elites or the wealthier middle class Between 1870 and 1914 most Western governments began to offer at least primary education to both boys and girls between 6 and 12 ] ] Ô Ô State teacher training schools Reasons: • Needs of industrialization • Need for an educated electorate • To instill patriotism Compulsory elementary education created a demand for teachers, most were women “Natural role” of women

Leisure in an Age of Mass Society Ô Created by the industrial system Ô Transportation systems meant: ] Working class could go to amusement parks, dance halls, beaches, and team sporting activities

The National State Ô Tradition and Change in Latin America ] Exportation of foodstuffs to Europe and the United States ] Importation of finished goods ] Overall situation: • Largely rural • Former slaves and Indians on the bottom • Growth in the middle sectors of society • Looked to the United States ] Working class expanded • Growth of the working class led to industrialization • Industrialization led to the growth of unions ] Elites still had the political influence

Political Change in Latin America Ô Ô Large landowners took a more direct interest in politics Land owners might support dictators to ensure their interests ] Porfirio Diaz, ruled Mexico from 1876 – 1910 ] Francisco Madero came to power ] Demands for agrarian reform led by Emiliano Zapata ] The United States becomes the power in the west.

Rise of the United States Ô Ô Shift to an industrial nation, 1860 -1914 ] By 1900 out produced Britain in steel ] Urbanization By 1900, the US was the world’s richest nation, but: ] 9 percent of population owned 71 percent of the wealth ] Unsafe working conditions, work discipline, and cycles of high unemployment led to unions ] The American Federation of Unions formed Progressive Era ] Reform ] Theodore Roosevelt (1901 -1909), Woodrow Wilson (1913 -1921) United States as a World Power ] Annexation of Samoan Islands, Hawaiian Islands and from the Spanish-American War acquisition of Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines

Growth of Canada Ô Quebec, Ontario, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick – 1870 Ô Manitoba, British Columbia – 1871 Ô William Laurier, 1896

Battleship Maine in Havana Harbor, 1898

© 2003 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license. Canada, 1871

Western Europe: The Growth of Political Democracy Ô Britain ] ] ] Ô France ] ] ] Ô Two-party parliamentary system By 1918 all males, over 21 could vote; women over 30 By 1900 the emergence of the Labour Party Social Reforms that followed National Insurance Act, 1911 Constitution of 1875; the Third Republic formed Bicameral legislature, universal male suffrage, president, premier the leader of government Coalition governments had to be formed to stay in power Italy ] ] Industrial north and poverty-stricken south Turmoil of labor and industry

Central and Eastern Europe: Persistence of the Old Order Ô Germany ] ] ] Ô Lower house, Reichstag, elected by universal male suffrage Ministers responsible to the emperor Emperor commanded the armed forces and controlled foreign policy Emperor William II, 1888 -1918 Demands for democracy Movement to block democracy Austria-Hungary ] ] Dual Monarchy Emperor Francis Joseph, 1848 -1916 German minority Problems of ethnic groups

Russia Ô Ô Ô Ô Assassination of Alexander II in 1881 Alexander III, 1881 -1894, felt reform was a mistake Nicholas II, 1894 -1917, wanted to rule with absolute power Growth in Marxist Social Democratic Party Revolt in 1905 Defeat of Russians by Japanese in 1904 -1905 Results of antigovernment rebellions

Europe in 1871

International Rivalries and the Winds of War Ô Ô Ô Bismarck made alliances to preserve the new German state Bismarck removed by William II in 1890 Resulting alliance system ] ] Ô Triple Alliance – Germany, Austria, Italy Triple Entente, 1907 – Britain, France, Russia Crisis in the Balkans ] ] ] By 1878, Greece, Serbia, and Romania were independent Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina under Austrian protectorate Bulgaria under Russian protectorate Austria annexes Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1908 Serbian protest, Russian support of Serbia Balkan Wars of 1912 and 1913

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The Balkans in 1913

Toward the Modern Consciousness: Intellectual and Cultural Developments Ô A New Physics ] Westerners and the mechanical conception of the universe ] Albert Einstein (1879 -1955) • Theory of relativity • Energy of matter is equivalent to its mass times the square of the velocity of light Ô Sigmund Freud and the Emergence of Psychoanalysis ] Sigmund Freud (1856 -1939) • Human behavior determined by the unconscious, past experience, and internal forces • Repression begins in childhood

The Impact of Darwin: Social Darwinism and Racism Ô Ô Ô Darwin’s ideas applied to human society Houston Stewart Chamberlain (1855 -1927) ] Modern-day Germans the only pure successors of the Aryans Anti-Semitism ] In nineteenth century many Jews left the ghetto and became assimilated into the cultures around them ] Anti-Jewish parties ] 72 percent of world’s Jewish population lived in eastern Europe ] Movement to the United States and Palestine ] Theodor Herzl (1860 -1904) • Zionism

© 2003 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license. Palestine

Culture of Modernity Ô Symbolists ] ] Ô Art ] ] ] Ô Ô Vincent van Gogh (1853 -1890) Photography ] Ô Impressionism Camille Pissarro (1830 -1903) Berthe Morisot (1841 -1895) Post-Impressionsim ] Ô Poetry, influenced by the ideas of Freud Views George Eastman Pablo Picasso (1881 -1973) Visual reality ] Wassily Kandinsky (1866 -1944)

Discussion Questions Ô Ô Ô Compare and contrast the First and Second Industrial Revolutions. How did Marxism differ from its socialist antecedents? Describe the key social changes of the second half of the nineteenth century. How did late nineteenth-century nationalism differ from nationalism at the beginning of the century? What was new about the “new physics”?