1885 1900 p 1885 Charcot p 1890 1892Breuer

1885 -1900 p 1885年認識使用催眠的 Charcot p 1890 -1892：Breuer用催眠治療歇斯 底里病患 Anna O. p Freud 跟 Breuer 學催眠治療 p 與 Breuer 一起出版 “Preliminary Communication”(1893)

1885 -1900 p 1894出版《精神官能症的防衛 (The Psycho-Neurosis of Defence)》 在本文中第一次使用： Defense (p. 47) Psychical analysis 精神分析(p. 47)

Conversion (p. 49) Flight into psychosis (illness) (p. 59) 性所扮演的角色 (p. 52) 潛意識的本質 (p. 53) 潛意識

1905 -1910 p 1905 《朵拉(Dora)》：診療室中的 性移情 p 移情：錯誤的連結 a. 性慾移情 (sexual tranference) b. 負向移情（negative transference)

Freud (1905) 在「歇斯底里案例的 分析片段」中如此定義移情： p “…They are new editions or facsimiles of the impulses and phantasies which are aroused and made conscious during the progress of the analysis… they replace　 some earlier person by the person of the physician… the whole series of psychological experiences are revived, not as belonging to the past, but as applying to the physician at the present moment. ”

被弗洛伊德分析過，且留在精神分析 圈的早期分析師 o Sandor Ferenczi (1873 -1933) o Karl Abraham (1877 -1925) o Joan Riviere (1883 -1962) 也被 Ernest Jones 分析 o Anna Freud (1885 -1982) o James Strachey (1887 -1967) o Alex Strachey (1892 -1973) o Joan Rickman (1891 -1951) o Dorothy Burlingham (1891 -1979) o Heinz Hartmann (1894 -1970)

從維也納到英國 Breuer Freud Ferenczi Ernest Jones 　　　　　　　 Abraham Malanie Klien Anna Freud 　Kleinian Ego psychology Middle School(客體關係)

克萊恩定居倫敦 o 1924 -25被Abraham 分析 o 1925年 被Ernest Jones)、Alex Strachey 和Joan Riviere邀請到倫敦做一系列的講座 o 演講內容廣被接受，聽眾包括：Joan Riviere, Ella Sharpe, Sylvia Payne, Edward Glover, John Rickman, Alix and James Strachey, Susan Isaacs… o 1926年克萊恩決定在倫敦定居

交換學者-促進兩岸對談 英倫Jones與維也納Federn安排一系列對話 (1935 -1936)： p 倫：E. Jones: “Early Female Sexuality” Sexuality p 維：R. Walder: “Problem of Ego Psychology” Psychology p 倫：J. Riviere: “The Genesis of Psychical Conflict in Early Infancy” Infancy p 維：R. Walder: “The Problem of the Genesis of Psychical Conflict in Early Infancy” Infancy

家園變色 o 1941夏天克萊恩及其他逃離倫敦的分 析師陸續返國 o 倫敦剩下四位克萊恩的親信 Training analyst: Susan Isaacs, Joan Riviere, D. W. Winnicott, ＆ Joan Rickman

學術討論會的目的 What is the accepted Freudian Theory？ o 澄清克萊恩所提出的觀點是否已經偏離弗洛 伊德的後設心理學 o 反對者：認為克萊恩的思想， 已經不是Freudian Psychoanalysis o 支持者：竭力證明克萊恩的貢獻是 extension of Freudian Psychoanalysis o M. Brierley 建議使用“Psychoanalytic theory”(認為“Freudian Theory”太狹隘 theory” )

希望澄清主題 - 1 General Psychology o Ego development, Superego formation o Mental mechanisms o Anxiety o The role of phantasy and of environment in infantile lofe o Stages, phantases or positions in infantile development, regression & instinct

希望澄清主題 - 2 Medical Psychology(psychoneurosis) o Hysteria o obsessional neurosis o Paranoia o Manic depression & Melancholia o Schizophrenia o Conditions of mental health

希望澄清主題 - 3 Psychoanalytic Techniques o The aim of psychoanalysis o Indications for interpretation o Transference o Technique of child analysis o Handling of specific disorders

E. Glover 建議 paper presentations o 1. S. Issacs: “The Nature of Function of Phantasy” o 2. P. Heimann: “Some Aspects of the Role 　　 of Introjection and Projection in Early Development? o 3. P. Heimann & S. Issacs: “Regression” o 4. M. Klein: “The Emotional Life and Ego. Development of the Infant with Special Reference to the Depressive Position”

當代主要精神分析學派 o Breuer → Freud → Ferenczi → Ernest Jones Abraham o Freudian： ? o Kleinian (克萊恩學派)：Bion , Segal, Rosenfeld , Meltzer… o Middle School（獨立學派）： Winnicott , Fairbairn , Guntrip & Balaint (Object Relations)

o Anna Freudian ： Ego Psychology 自我心理學 (or Classical Freudian or Contemporary Freudian) o Kohutian：self psychology 自體心理學 o Lacanian： 法國拉剛學派

o Interpersonal Psychology 美國人際關係心理學：Sullivan？ o neo-Freudian：Jung容格 , Adler阿德勒 , Erikson艾利克森 , Rank 巒克 , Horney荷妮 , Fromm 弗洛姆

心的結構-Klein-Bion模式 o 原始幻想 (primary phantasy) o 潛意識幻想與本能表徵 (id representation) o Klein’s 思考本能 vs. Winnicot’s illusion o 本能知識/求知本能 (epistemological instinct)

心的結構-Klein-Bion模式 o 偏執分裂心理位置(paranoid-schizoid position) o 憂鬱心理位置(depressive position) o 投射-認同(projective-identification) o Bion’s涵容概念 (the container and the contained)

o 英國客體關係: Kleinian + Middle School

內在世界的起源 早期發展: o Stage (非連續) vs. phase (連續) o 一人(autoerotic)到三人(Oedipus)關係 o Paranoid position vs. Depressive position o ? ? ? Autoerotic zone vs. Erikson? ? ? o Mahler: 自閉、共生、孵化、分離客體化

早期發展 o Klein-kernberg: 必要的分裂(splitting) o Winnicott: Holding，Primary maternal preoccupation, transitional space o Kohut: empathic mirroring, nurturing self-object, optimal disillusionment