1820 1860 SOCIETY CULTURE AND REFORM Essential Question

1820 -1860 SOCIETY, CULTURE, AND REFORM

Essential Question • Evaluate the extent to which reform movements in the United States from 1820 -1860 contributed to maintaining continuity as well as fostering change in American society.

Religion: The 2 nd Great Awakening • Causes: – Reaction to: • Rationalism/Enlightenment ideals • Materialism of Market Revolution • Rejection of Puritan foundations – Original Sin – Predestination • Characteristics: – – Camp meetings/revivals Grass-roots organization Individual salvation Democratic, egalitarian

Revivalism Expands • The “Burned Over District” – New York • Charles G. Finney – Sermons based on fear and damnation • Expansion of Denominations – Baptists and Methodists • Offshoots: – Millennialism/Millerites • 7 th Day Adventists – The Mormons • Joseph Smith, Bringham Young • NY OH MO Nauvoo SLC

American Culture • Transcendentalism – Characteristics: • Challenged materialism • Self-cultivation – Examples: • Emerson – Reject European traditions; Spiritual over material; abolitionist • Thoreau – “On Civil Disobedience, ” and Walden » Advocated nonviolent protest

Utopian Experiments – Brook Farm • Transcendentalist – The Shakers • Forbid marriage and sexual relations – New Harmony • Secular, push back against inequity and alienation brought by the Ind. Rev. – Oneida • Free-love • Successful

Arts and Literature – Painting • Hudson River School – Cole and Church – Architecture • Greek revival – Literature • Irving & Cooper, – Set stories in American Landscapes • Hawthorne – Criticized intolerance and conformity • Melville – Theological & Cultural conflicts Performance

Reforming Society • Temperance – Causes: • Overconsumption/alcoholism (5 gal/person) • Nativism – Organizations and Methods • American Temperance Society • Neal Dow and the Maine Law • Penal Reform – Punishment vs. Rehabilitation – Mental Hospitals • Dorthea Dix – Pennsylvania System – Auburn System

Educational Reform – Public Schools & Teacher Training • Horace Mann – Moral Education • Mc. Guffey Readers – Hard work – Punctuality – Sobriety – Higher Education • Denominational colleges. • College education for women: Mount Holyoke & Oberlin

Changing Role of Women and Families • Gender Roles: – Cult of Domesticity • Took charge of household and children • Strengthened by men’s absence • Movement for Women’s Rights – Grimké Sisters, Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton • Connection to abolitionist movement – Seneca Falls Convention (1848) • Declaration of Sentiments – All women and men are created equal – Listed grievances of male dominated society

Antislavery Movement • • American Colonization Society (1817) American Antislavery Society (1831) – William Lloyd Garrison • • • The Liberator Liberty Party (1840) Abolitionists – Immediatists vs. Gradualists – Black Abolitionists • • Frederick Douglass – The North Star Tubman, Truth – Rebellions • • Denmark Vesey (1822) Nat Turner (1831) – Underground Railroad

Reaction and Legacy • Sectionalism: – Southerners viewed northern reforms as alarming • Threats to: – Slavery – Way of life • Legacy: – Birth of “American” culture and ideals • Religion, education, arts, and entertainment – Widespread reform movements both united and divided the country.