1820 1860 Increasing Sectionalism the Road to the

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1820 -1860: Increasing Sectionalism & the Road to the Civil War (Unit III, Segment

1820 -1860: Increasing Sectionalism & the Road to the Civil War (Unit III, Segment 1 of 3)

The Sectional Crisis

The Sectional Crisis

■ Essential Question: Question –Was the Civil War inevitable?

■ Essential Question: Question –Was the Civil War inevitable?

Sectionalism in the Antebellum Era • From 1800 -1860, thetransformed North & South became

Sectionalism in the Antebellum Era • From 1800 -1860, thetransformed North & South became “King Cotton” had the vastly regions Southdifferent into a rural region with slavery, little manufacturing, & few railroads

Sectionalism in the Antebellum Era • From 1800 -1860, the North & South became

Sectionalism in the Antebellum Era • From 1800 -1860, the North & South became The North had industrial factories, vastly different regions workers, cities, paid immigrant railroads, & larger population

Sectionalism in the Antebellum Era These regional differences increased sectionalism -- placing the interests

Sectionalism in the Antebellum Era These regional differences increased sectionalism -- placing the interests of a region above the interests of the nation – 1820 -1850: 1820 -1850 Sectionalism was mild & resolved by compromise

Sectionalism: 1820 -1850 The first major issue regarding slavery in the antebellum era focused

Sectionalism: 1820 -1850 The first major issue regarding slavery in the antebellum era focused on Missouri becoming a state in 1820: – Northerners & Southerners did not want to upset the equal balance of free & slave states in the Senate – Northerners did not want slavery to spread beyond the “Deep South” – Southerners did not think Congress had the power to stop slavery

In 1820, Henry Clay negotiated Maine broke from Massachusetts the&Missouri became Compromise a free

In 1820, Henry Clay negotiated Maine broke from Massachusetts the&Missouri became Compromise a free state “The firebell in the night!” Missouri became a slave state Slavery was outlawed in all western territories above the latitude of 36° 30'

Sectionalism: 1820 -1850 In the 1830 s, the issue of tariffs divided North &

Sectionalism: 1820 -1850 In the 1830 s, the issue of tariffs divided North & South –Southerners argued that tariffs benefited only the North & made manufactured goods too expensive –John C. Calhoun of SC attempted nullification & threatened secession –President Jackson fought this states’ rights argument

Texas was not annexed for 9 years Sectionalism: 1820 -1850 because statehood would In

Texas was not annexed for 9 years Sectionalism: 1820 -1850 because statehood would In the 1840 s, westward expansion unbalance the number of free & brought the issueslave of slavery states up again: The addition of the Mexican Cession after the Mexican-American War gave Southerners hope that slavery would spread to the Pacific Ocean

Sectionalism: 1820 -1850 • In 1850, California asked to enter the Union as a

Sectionalism: 1820 -1850 • In 1850, California asked to enter the Union as a free state: –Southerners did not want more free states & wanted slavery to be allowed in the southwest territories –Northerners wanted to keep slavery out of the SW & wanted other laws to protect runaway slaves who made it to freedom in the North

The Compromise of 1850 solved the sectional The people ofbetween Utah & North The

The Compromise of 1850 solved the sectional The people ofbetween Utah & North The dispute & South slave trade New Mexico could vote ended in to allow or ban slavery Washington DC (popular sovereignty) California entered as a free state A stronger Fugitive Slave Law was created that allowed Southerners to recapture slaves in the North

The Compromise of 1850: Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, & John Calhoun

The Compromise of 1850: Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, & John Calhoun

Sectionalism: 1820 -1850 • From 1820 to 1850, sectionalism in America increased due to

Sectionalism: 1820 -1850 • From 1820 to 1850, sectionalism in America increased due to –Differences in regional economies & the use of slavery –Westward expansion & the entry of new states to the Union –Growing abolitionism in the North • But, each time a dispute threatened the nation, a compromise was reached

Sectionalism in the Antebellum Era These regional differences increased sectionalism -- placing the interests

Sectionalism in the Antebellum Era These regional differences increased sectionalism -- placing the interests of a region above the interests of the nation – 1820 -1850: 1820 -1850 Sectionalism was mild & resolved by compromise – 1850 -1856: 1850 -1856 The growth of abolitionism & westward expansion intensified the question of the “morality” of slavery

Sectionalism: 1850 -1856 • Abolitionists & many Northerners despised the Compromise of 1850: –The

Sectionalism: 1850 -1856 • Abolitionists & many Northerners despised the Compromise of 1850: –The Fugitive Slave Law allowed runaway slaves (& sometimes “free blacks”) to be recaptured & enslaved –Northerners formed vigilante committees to protect runaways –Abolitionism grew in the North

Harriet Tubman made 19 trips South to lead 300 slaves to freedom through the

Harriet Tubman made 19 trips South to lead 300 slaves to freedom through the Underground Railroad The Underground Railroad was a network of safe houses to help slaves escape to freedom

Sectionalism: 1850 -1856 • In 1852 Harriet Beecher Stowe published Uncle Tom’s Cabin –Depicted

Sectionalism: 1850 -1856 • In 1852 Harriet Beecher Stowe published Uncle Tom’s Cabin –Depicted slavery as a moral evil –Became the best selling book of the 19 th century –Inspired many in the "So you're the little North to join the lady who started this great war!" abolitionist cause

Sectionalism: 1850 -1856 • In 1854, Congress passed Stephen Douglas’ Kansas-Nebraska Act –The law

Sectionalism: 1850 -1856 • In 1854, Congress passed Stephen Douglas’ Kansas-Nebraska Act –The law used popular sovereignty to give the residents of the territories the right to vote to determine slavery – To do this, Congress repealed (ended) the Missouri Compromise line at 36º 30’ in the western territories

The Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854

The Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854

Sectionalism: 1850 -1856 • Northerners were outraged by the Kansas-Nebraska Act: –Congress allowed slavery

Sectionalism: 1850 -1856 • Northerners were outraged by the Kansas-Nebraska Act: –Congress allowed slavery to spread into an area of the U. S. where slavery was already outlawed –Northerners formed the Republican Party in 1854 & became committed to the “free soil” movement

Sectionalism: 1850 -1856 • Popular sovereignty failed to settle the slavery question in the

Sectionalism: 1850 -1856 • Popular sovereignty failed to settle the slavery question in the West: –When a vote was held in Kansas in 1855 to decide on slavery, thousands of Missouri residents illegally voted –This illegal vote gave Kansas slavery when its residents voted against it – In 1856, a war began between Kansas & Missouri (“Bleeding Kansas”)

The vote. Thousands revealed aofpro-slaveryvictory which led to“Bleeding a violent civil war in Kansas”

The vote. Thousands revealed aofpro-slaveryvictory which led to“Bleeding a violent civil war in Kansas” Missouri residents crossed the border & voted for slavery Free-soilers from Kansas voted against slavery

Sectionalism: 1850 -1856 • From 1850 to 1856, sectionalism in America increased due to:

Sectionalism: 1850 -1856 • From 1850 to 1856, sectionalism in America increased due to: –The growth of abolitionism due to the Fugitive Slave Law, Uncle Tom’s Cabin, & the Kansas-Nebraska Act –The birth of regional (not national) political parties like the Republicans • Sectional tensions were becoming so bad that compromise was not an option

Sectionalism in the Antebellum Era These regional differences increased sectionalism -- placing the interests

Sectionalism in the Antebellum Era These regional differences increased sectionalism -- placing the interests of a region above the interests of the nation – 1820 -1850: 1820 -1850 Sectionalism was mild & resolved by compromise – 1850 -1856: 1850 -1856 The growth of abolitionism & westward expansion intensified the question of the “morality” of slavery – 1856 -1860: 1856 -1860 The slave issue became “irreconcilable” & led to the Civil War

Sectionalism: 1856 -1860 • In 1857, a slave named Dred Scott sued for his

Sectionalism: 1856 -1860 • In 1857, a slave named Dred Scott sued for his freedom after traveling with his master from Missouri to Wisconsin • The Dred Scott case presented the Supreme Court with 2 major questions: –Does Congress have the power to decide on slavery in the territories? –Is the Missouri Compromise constitutional?

Sectionalism: 1856 -1860 • In Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857), the Supreme Court ruled:

Sectionalism: 1856 -1860 • In Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857), the Supreme Court ruled: – Dred Scott had no right to sue because African Americans were not citizens – Congress did not have the power to stop slavery in western territories so the Missouri Compromise was ruled unconstitutional – Northern abolitionists were furious

Lincoln was unknown at the time, Sectionalism: 1856 -1860 but during the campaign he

Lincoln was unknown at the time, Sectionalism: 1856 -1860 but during the campaign he argued • In 1858, Democrat Douglas that Congress must. Stephen stop the spread of slavery (free soil argument) ran against Republican Abraham Lincoln for the Illinois Senate Lincoln lost the Senate election, but his argument against slavery made him a popular national figure

“A house divided against itself cannot stand. I believe this government cannot endure, permanently

“A house divided against itself cannot stand. I believe this government cannot endure, permanently half slave and half free. ” -- Abraham Lincoln, 1858

Sectionalism: 1856 -1860 • In 1859, abolitionist John Brown led an unsuccessful raid on

Sectionalism: 1856 -1860 • In 1859, abolitionist John Brown led an unsuccessful raid on a federal armory at Harper’s Ferry, VA in an attempt to free slaves in a massive slave uprising – Brown was caught & executed – But he was seen as a martyr by many in the North – Southerners believed Northerners were using violence to end slavery

An Ill-fated Raid on Harpers Ferry ■ October 1859 ■ John Brown / 20

An Ill-fated Raid on Harpers Ferry ■ October 1859 ■ John Brown / 20 men (5 African Americans) capture Federal Armory [Harpers Ferry, Virginia (now WV)] Goal: arm slaves / promote a slave rebellion “One man and God can overturn the universe. ” -- John Brown

NGuilty! The Verdict “Now, if it is deemed necessary that I should forfeit my

NGuilty! The Verdict “Now, if it is deemed necessary that I should forfeit my life for the furtherance of the ends of justice, and mingle my blood further with the blood of my children and with the bl of millions in this slave country whose rights are disregarded by wicked, cruel, and unjust enactments -- I submit; so let it be done. ” John Brown

A Prediction? John Brown left a haunting note to be read after his execution:

A Prediction? John Brown left a haunting note to be read after his execution: “I, John Brown, am now quite certain that the crimes of this guilty land will never be purged away but with Blood. I had as I now think vainly flattered myself that without much bloodshed, it might be done. ” Result: 1. South grew less inclined to negotiate and talk peace 2. South began to form militias to protect itself from possible slave insurrections

Republicans nominated Abraham Lincoln who Sectionalism: 1856 -1860 argued for “free soil” & a

Republicans nominated Abraham Lincoln who Sectionalism: 1856 -1860 argued for “free soil” & a strong national gov’t Northern Democrats • The Election of 1860 nominated proved to. Stephen be the Douglas whofor argued for popular sovereignty final straw the South: Southern Democrats nominated John Breckenridge who argued for states rights & the protection of slavery Democrats in the North & South were split over the issue of slavery

Lincoln won the election Sectionalism: 1856 without a single Southern vote - 1860 Southerners

Lincoln won the election Sectionalism: 1856 without a single Southern vote - 1860 Southerners assumed slavery would soon be abolished & began to discuss the possibility of seceding (breaking away) from the USA

Sectionalism: 1856 -1860 In December 1860, South Carolina became the first state to secede

Sectionalism: 1856 -1860 In December 1860, South Carolina became the first state to secede from the Union In 1861, more Southern states seceded & the Civil War between North & South began

Sectionalism: 1856 -1860 • From 1856 to 1860, sectionalism in America increased due to:

Sectionalism: 1856 -1860 • From 1856 to 1860, sectionalism in America increased due to: –Slavery became the most important political issue of the time –Growing Southern fears that the North would end slavery (John Brown’s raid, election of Lincoln) • No compromises could prevent a Civil War between the North & South