18 th Century Art in Europe and the

18 th Century Art in Europe and the Americas CHAPTER 29 NOTES

OBJECTIVES…HOLLA!!! Grasp the essential intellectual thrusts of the Enlightenment. Become familiar with the basic ideas underlying Neoclassicism and Romanticism. See how Neoclassicism and Romanticism differ. See what elements Neoclassicism and Romanticism share.

VIVA LA REVOLUTIONS!! Scientific Revolution (16 th) Glorious Revolution (17 th) Industrial Revolution (18 th) American Revolution (18 th) French Revolution (18 th & 19 th)

THE ENLIGHTENMENT Age of Reason Reaches its height in mid-1700’s Influenced by Scientific Revolution Belief in progress through reason, a better society was possible

Voltaire THOMAS HOBBES Civil Liberties Freedom of Religion Freedom of Speech ARGUED FOR A STRONG CENTRAL GOVERNMENT Diderot ENLIGHTENMENT Encylopedea John Locke Natural Rights: Life, Liberty, and The Pursuit of Property Montesquieu 3 Branches of Government

ROCOCO “Style of Louis XV” Rococo = coquillage +rocaille (shells & stones) Difference between Baroque & Rococo: B: Theatrical, Grand-Scale, Dramatic R: Intimate, Playful, Tender, Whimsical Pastel Colors predominate art

THE RISE OF ROCOCO Rise of Rococo when Louis XIV dies aristocracy leave Versailles Build elegant town houses (hotels) Designed for private living “Age of Aristocrats” Focus on interior layout & décor (decorative arts) Concerned with intimate settings & individual styles Spreads to aristocracy throughout Europe

CHURCH OF VIERZEHNHEILIGEN “ 14 Auxiliary Saints” Complex arrangement of curved shapes NO straight lines Combination of painting, sculpture, and architecture

Church of the Vierzehnheiligen Johann Balthasar Neumann 1743 -72

SALON DE LA PRINCESSE GERMAIN BOFFRAND 1737 -1740

BALTHASAR NEUMANN. THE KAISERSAAL, RESIDENZ, WURZBURG, GERMANY. 1719 -44. FRESCOES BY GIOVANNI TIEPOLO, 1751.

THE KAISERSAAL

CEILING FRESCO (DETAIL) FROM THE KAISERSAAL. GIOVANNI BATTISTA TIEPOLO. 1751

PILGRIMAGE TO THE ISLAND OF CYTHERA Jean-Antoine Watteau Original Gangsta of French Rococo Studied Rubens and Giorgione Pilgrimage to the Island of Cythera Fete-Galante Elegant outdoor entertainment

A PILGRIMAGE TO CYTHERA. WATTEAU. 1717

WATTEAU RUBENS

THE SIGNBOARD OF GERSAINT

WATTEAU. PIERROT. C. 1719

TRIUMPH OF VENUS Francois Boucher Worked in Versailles Best known for his mythological scenes Goddess of love = Center Giant Shell Style similar to Rubens

Triumph of Venus Francois Boucher 1740

FRANCOIS BOUCHER. THE TOILET OF VENUS. 1751

THE MEETING Jean-Honore Fragonard Commissioned Louis The by Madame du Barry XV’s last mistress Meeting Secret Encounter Entertaining Subject Lush Painting

The Meeting Jean-Honore Fragonard 1771 -73

THE BATHERS JEAN-HONORE FRAGONARD 1765

THE SWING. JEAN-HONORE FRAGONARD. 1766.

SATYR AND BACCHANTE CLODION (CLAUDE MICHEL) 1775

MARIE ANTOINETTE French Portrait Painters moved towards naturalistic poses Informal Marie-Louise-Elisabeth Queen’s Meant Vigee-Lebrun personal portrait painter to counter her image as selfish and extravagant

Portrait of Marie Antoinette Marie-Louise-Elisabeth Vigee-Lebrun 1787

THE MARRIAGE CONTRACT William Hogarth Believed art should contribute to the improvement of society Moralizing tales Marriage based on love rather than aristocratic intrigue Couple on the couch

The Marriage Contract William Hogarth 1743

AN EXPERIMENT Enlightenment Inspired Industrial Revolution Inspired Caravaggio Inspired Really just inspired!!!

An Experiment Joseph Wright 1768

Sir Joshua Reynolds was the most important and influential of 18 th century English painters, specializing in portraits and promoting the "Grand Style" in painting which depended on idealization of the imperfect. Sir Joshua Reynolds Miss Elizabeth Ingram. 1757.

Sir Joshua Reynolds Portrait Of Richard Peers Symons 1770. ENGLISH NEOCLASSICAL

English NEOCLASSICAL Mrs. Richard Brinsley Thomas Gainsborough 1787.

ROBERT ANDREWS AND HIS WIFE. THOMAS GAINSBOROUGH. C. 1748 -50 (THE GRAND MANNER)

MRS. SIDDONS. THOMAS GAINSBOROUGH. 1785 (THE GRAND MANNER)

Thomas Gainsborough The Blue Boy 1770 ENGLISH NEOCLASSICAL

Sir Joshua Reynolds Thomas Gainsborough

EARLY ROMANTICISM AKA NEOCLASSICISM � Rococo � Sensuous � Roughly 1750 to 1850 Art reflects “the glory that was Greece, and the grandeur that was Rome” (Poe) Sought to revive the ideals of ancient Greek and Roman art Reacted against the ornate, artificiality of the Rococo Period Reflects reason & logic of Enlightenment Inspired by Pompeii � � � 1738 V. Neoclassicism Simple/Restrained V. Romanticism Imagination/Emotions

NEOCLASSICAL FRENCH Jacques Louis David Jean-Auguste Dominique Ingres Élisabeth Louise Vigée-Lebrun Adélaïde Labille-Guiard ENGLISH William Hogarth Sir Joshua Reynolds Thomas Gainsborough AMERICAN Benjamin West John Singleton Copley Gilbert Stuart

CORNELIA POINTING TO HER CHILDREN AS HER TREASURES History Painting = Highest form of artistic endeavor Exemplified “Good Mother”

Cornelia Pointing to Her Children as Her Treasures Angelica Kauffmann 1785. NEOCLASSICAL

CHISWICK HOUSE Reaction against Rococo Return to moral austerity Inspired by Palladio’s Villa Rotunda Ornate interior…Ironic? ? ?

RICHARD BOYLE AND WILLIAM KENT. CHISWICK HOUSE. BEGUN 1725.

Andrea Palladio Villa Rotonda, c 1566. HIGH ITALIAN RENAISSANCE Richard Boyle (Lord Burlington) Chiswick House, c 1729. ENGLISH NEOCLASSICAL

THE DEATH OF GENERAL WOLFE Glorifies the British General James Wolfe Died in a British Victory over the French 7 Years War A Random Indian? ? ?

The Death of General Wolfe Benjamin West 1770

LATER 18 TH CENTURY Witnessed the fading fortunes of the Rococo Denis Diderot considered first art critic “To Inpire virtue and purify manners. ”

THE GOVERNESS Jean-Simeon Still Chardin Lifes and Domestic Scenes Encourages benevolent exercise of authority and willing submission

The Governess Jean-Baptiste Chardin 1739

DRUNKEN COBLER Jean-Baptiste Middle Drunken Greuz Class Drama Father = Unhappy Family

Drunken Cobbler Jean-Baptiste Greuze 1780 -85

OATH OF HORATII Jacques-Louis David Studied antique sculpture Assimilated Principle of NEOclassicism Inspired Based 3 by a 17 th century drama Horace on ancient Roman historical texts Sons of Horace = Rome Emotional chicks in the background Became an emblem of the French Revolution

Jacques-Louis David, The Oath of the Horatii, 1787.

DEATH OF MARAT Jacobin Leader Radical Journalist Suffered skin ailment Stabbed by Charlotte Corday Displays quiet aftermath of the death Desk = Tombstone Martyr

NEOCLASSICAL Jacques-Louis David Death of Marat 1793.

DEATH OF MARAT (DETAIL)

JACQUES-LOUIS DAVID. DEATH OF SOCRATES. 1787

DEATH OF SOCRATES (DETAIL)

Jacques-Louis David Coronation of Napoleon & Josephine of 2 Dec 1804, 1806 -7.

Palace of Versailles, France

Coronation at Louvre (Original) Coronation at Palace of Versailles

Coronation at Louvre (Original) Coronation at Palace of Versailles

NEOCLASSICAL Jacques-Louis David Napoleon Crossing St. Bernard 1800 -01.

NEOCLASSICAL Jacques-Louis David Napoleon in His Study 1812.

Cupid and Psyche Antonio Canova 1787

GEORGE WASHINGTON Jean-Antoine Houdon Naturalism Carved busts and full-length statues of many important figures of his era Commissioned by Virginia Legislature Thirteen Rods = Colonies

George Washington Jean-Antoine Houdin 1788

MONTICELLO (LITTLE MOUNTAIN) Thomas Jefferson = Architect Based on Ancient Roman Temples Charlottesville, VA Embodies NEOClassical Stizzzyle

THOMAS JEFFERSON. MONTICELLO, CHARLOTTESVIL LE, VIRGINIA. 1770 -84; 17961806

Thomas Jefferson, Monticello AMERICAN NEOCLASSICAL Charlottesville, VA, 1770 -1806

WATSON AND THE SHARK John Singleton Copley Wealthy Clientele Commissioned by Brook Watson Wealthy London Merchant Pyramidal

John Singleton Copley Samuel Adams, 1772.