16 th century Ottoman Volley Gun Safavid guns

16 th century Ottoman Volley Gun Safavid guns Gunpowder Empires 18 th century Mughal gunpowder flask -Mughal India -Ottoman Empire -Safavid Empire

Gunpowder Akbar’s soldiers using a cannon in the Mughal Army. Ottoman Cannon • 1450 -1650 known as “the age of gunpowder empires” • Mughal Indian, Ottomans, and Safavids used military technology to est. strong central gov’t – Canons and muskets

Focus #1 How did Muslim rule change India?

Muslim India (review) • The Delhi Sultanate: established in 1100 s and lasted until 1526 – Sultanate: _____________ – Muslim rule brought changes to Indian government & society • Muslim traditions of gov’t • Increased trade • Decline b/c of Tamerlane in 1398 • Muslims & Hindus= blend in culture & interactions increased

Mughal India (1526 -1857) • Mughal = Persian word for “Mongol” • Babur led Mongol invaders – Established Mughal dynasty – Empire = Himalayas to Deccan Plateau • Akbar the Great: known for strong gov’t, toleration, modernized army, trade & land reforms – Jahangir’s wife, Nur Jahan, ruled India – Shah Jahan built Taj Mahal • Greatest monument of Mughal Empire

• Decline of Mughal Empire when Aurangzeb persecuted Hindus and rejected policies of toleration – Revolts, heavy taxes, and discontent led to the collapse of gov’t

Checking for Understanding #1 • How did Muslim rule in India bring change? • Why did Mughal India decline?

Focus #2 How was the Ottoman Empire structured?

The Ottoman Empire • Turkish-speaking nomadic ppl – Migrated from Central Asia to northwestern Asia Minor – 1300 s spread into southeastern Europe

Building an empire… • Byzantine empire was failing & Ottomans attacked Constantinople – Successfully captured Constantinople in 1453 • Golden Age, 1520 -1566 – Modernized army – Expansion of territory • Kurdistan, Georgia, Hungary & Caucasus Mtns – Largest empire in Europe & Middle East

Suleiman the Magnificent • Ruled 1520 -1566 • Aka “Lawgiver” • Claimed to be a rightful heir of the Abbassids & caliph of ALL Muslims – Took title of “Emperor” and “Protector of the Sacred Places” (Mecca & Medina)

Ottoman Life & Culture • The Sharia = basis of laws • Diverse ppl & many religions • Millets: Greek Christians, Armenian Christians, Jews Men of the Pen: scientists, lawyers, judges & poets Men of the Sword: soldiers that guarded the sultan & defended state Men of Negotiation: merchants, tax collectors & artisans Men of Husbandry: farmers & herders who produced food for the community

Ottoman Military • Officers for gov’t & army from the conquered people – “Tax” on Christian families = young sons turned over to the Ottoman gov’t • Converted to Islam, trained, & the best b/c janizaries (_____________) • Brightest b/c gov’t officials – Non-Muslim girls served as slaves in Muslim households

Ottoman Art & Literature • Addition of hundreds of mosques & palaces – Sinan, janizary military engineer “With God’s help and the Sultan’s mercy, I have succeeded in building a dome for the mosque which is greater in diameter and higher than that of the Hagia Sophia. ”

Decline of the Ottoman Empire • 1700 s brought European advances in commerce & military technology – Industry & trade left the Ottoman Empire behind – Ottomans depended on agriculture while Russia & Europe conquered Ottoman lands

Checking for Understanding #2 • How was the Ottoman empire structured economically, politically and socially?

Focus #3 What was the structure of the Safavid Empire?

The Safavid Empire • 1500 s est in Persia (Iran) • Located b/t _____ & ______ – Led to warfare – Religious warfare Safavid = Shiite Muslims & Ottomans = Sunni Muslims

Shah Abbas aka Abbas the Great • 1588 -1629 strong government & military • Created alliances w/ European states against Ottoman power • Reduced taxes & encouraged growth of industry

Religion & Culture • Toleration of non-Muslims • Isfahan was a new capital & center of international silk trade – Settlement built for Christians that controlled trade – Artists, poets & scholars flourished • Abbas often walked around in a disguise – Punished corruption

The fall of the Safavid Empire • Ottoman armies placed pressure on empire • Shiite scholars challenged the shah – Persecution of religious minorities • Isfahan captured by Sunni Afghans (1722) & overthrew last Safavid emperor **Left Shiite traditions in Iran**

Checking for Understanding #3 How was the Safavid empire similar to the Ottoman empire? How was the Safavid empire different from the Ottoman empire?