16 Fire Hose Nozzles Streams and Foam FF
- Slides: 92
16 Fire Hose, Nozzles, Streams, and Foam FF J. Rawson's Powerpoint 1
16 Objectives (1 of 4) • Describe fire hydraulics. • Describe how to prevent water hammers. • Describe the types of hoses used in the fire service. • Describe how a hose is constructed. FF J. Rawson's Powerpoint 2
16 Objectives (2 of 4) • Describe how to clean and maintain a hose. • Describe how to inspect a hose. • Describe hose appliances. • Describe how to lay a supply line. FF J. Rawson's Powerpoint 3
16 Objectives (3 of 4) • Describe how to load a hose. • Describe how to connect a hose to a water supply. • Describe how to carry and advance a hose. • Describe the types and designs of nozzles. FF J. Rawson's Powerpoint 4
16 Objectives (4 of 4) • Describe pressure effects and flow capabilities of nozzles. • Describe how foam works. • List the types of foam. • Describe how to make foam. • Describe how to apply foam. FF J. Rawson's Powerpoint 5
16 Fire Hydraulics • Deal with properties of energy, pressure, and water flow as related to fire suppression. FF J. Rawson's Powerpoint 6
16 Flow • Volume of water that is being moved • Measured in gallons per minute (gpm) • Metric measured in liters per minute (lpm) FF J. Rawson's Powerpoint 7
16 Pressure • Amount of energy in a body or stream of water • Measured in pounds per square inch (psi) • Required to push water through a hose or to lift water up to a higher level • Pump adds energy to a water stream, causing an increase in pressure FF J. Rawson's Powerpoint 8
16 Friction Loss • Loss of pressure as water moves through a pipe or hose • Loss represents the energy required to push the water. – With any combination of flows and diameter, friction loss is proportional to the distance FF J. Rawson's Powerpoint 9
16 Elevation Pressure • Elevation affects water pressure. • Elevated water tanks supply pressure to pipes due to elevation. FF J. Rawson's Powerpoint 10
16 Water Hammer • Surge in pressure caused by sudden stop in the flow of water • Shock wave is transmitted back through the hose. • Can damage hose, couplings, and plumbing • To prevent, open and close valves slowly. FF J. Rawson's Powerpoint 11
16 Functions of Fire Hoses • Supply hose – Carries water to the engine – May come from a hydrant or another engine – Carries large quantities at lower pressures • Attack hose – Carries water from engine to the nozzle – Carries water from engine to master streams – Carries water to standpipe system FF J. Rawson's Powerpoint 12
16 Sizes of Hose (1 of 3) • Small-diameter hose – 1" to 2" in diameter – Used as attack lines – Each section is usually 50' long. FF J. Rawson's Powerpoint 13
16 Sizes of Hose (2 of 3) • Medium-diameter hose – 2 ½" or 3" in diameter – Used as attack line or supply line • Master stream and fire department connections often use 3" hose. • WKF/R uses 2 ½” – Each section is usually 50' long. FF J. Rawson's Powerpoint 14
16 Sizes of Hose (3 of 3) • Large-diameter hose – 3 ½" to 6" in diameter – Standard diameter is 4" or 5". – Standard length is 50' or 100' long. FF J. Rawson's Powerpoint 15
16 Pressure Testing • Attack hose – Tested annually – Tested to 300 psi – Designed for use up to 275 psi • Supply hose – Tested annually – Tested to 200 psi – Designed for use up to 185 psi FF J. Rawson's Powerpoint 16
16 Hose Construction (1 of 2) • Fire hose constructed of inner waterproof liner and one or two outer layers • Outer layers • Can be double-jacket hose • Can be rubber-jacket hose FF J. Rawson's Powerpoint 17
16 Hose Construction (2 of 2) • Inner waterproof liner – Prevents water leakage – Provides smooth surface to reduce friction – Attached to outer covering FF J. Rawson's Powerpoint 18
16 Hose Couplings • Used to connect individual lengths of hose • Used to connect hose line to hydrants, valves, nozzles, fittings, and appliances • Two types – Threaded – Nonthreaded (Storz-type) FF J. Rawson's Powerpoint 19
16 Threaded Couplings • • • (1 of 2) Used on most hose up to 3" A set consists of male and female Male threads are on the outside. Female threads are on the inside. Female couplings swivel. Fire hose has a male on one end a female on the other. FF J. Rawson's Powerpoint 20
16 Threaded Couplings (2 of 2) • Higbee indicators indicate proper thread alignment. • Female couplings have a gasket to prevent leaks and require periodic replacement. FF J. Rawson's Powerpoint 21
16 Storz-type Couplings • Has neither male nor female ends • Couplings are mated face-to-face. • Adapters FF J. Rawson's Powerpoint 22
16 Attack Hose (1 of 4) • 1 ½" and 1¾" – Most common attack line – Both use 1½" couplings – Can be operated by one fire fighter – Most common preconnect lengths of 150' to 350' – 1½" generally flows 60– 125 gpm – 1¾" generally flows 120– 180 gpm FF J. Rawson's Powerpoint 23
16 Attack Hose (2 of 4) • 2 ½" hose – Used to attack larger fires – Generally flows about 250 gpm – Takes at least two fire fighters inside a building – Can flow up to 350 gpm FF J. Rawson's Powerpoint 24
16 Attack Hose (3 of 4) • Booster hose – Usually carried on a hose reel with 150' to 200’ – Made of rubber with steel wire to give shape – Can be advanced by one fire fighter – 1" line flows 40– 50 gpm – Used for small outdoor fires and trash dumpsters FF J. Rawson's Powerpoint 25
16 Attack Hose (4 of 4) • Forestry hose – Typically 1" or 1½" – Used for wildland ground fire FF J. Rawson's Powerpoint 26
16 Supply Hose • Used to supply attack engine • Ranges from 2½" to 6" • Larger diameter is more efficient • Two types – Soft suction – Hard suction FF J. Rawson's Powerpoint 27
16 Types of Damage to Hose (1 of 4) • Mechanical – Abrasion – Broken glass and sharp objects – Abrasion from hose reloaded dirty – Vehicles running over – Couplings being damaged or dragged FF J. Rawson's Powerpoint 28
16 Types of Damage to Hose (2 of 4) • Heat and cold – Direct contact from fire – Burning coals and embers – Hot surfaces such as heating units and exhaust pipes – Freezing can rupture inner liner and break outer liner fibers. FF J. Rawson's Powerpoint 29
16 Types of Damage to Hose (3 of 4) • Chemicals – Encountered at many incidents, including vehicle fires and accidents – Wash hose as soon as possible with approved detergent. FF J. Rawson's Powerpoint 30
16 Types of Damage to Hose (4 of 4) • Mildew – Grows on fabrics in warm, moist conditions – Feeds on natural fibers and causes the hose to rot – Synthetic fibers and resist mildew. – Rubber-covered hose fibers are protected from mildew. FF J. Rawson's Powerpoint 31
16 Cleaning, Maintaining, and Inspecting Hose • Cleaning and maintaining hose – Clean contaminated hose. • Hose inspections – Perform quarterly and after each use. • Hose records FF J. Rawson's Powerpoint 32
16 Hose Appliances (1 of 9) • Wyes – Split the stream into two hose streams – Commonly split a 2 ½" hose into two 1 ½" – Gated wyes have two quarter-turn valves. FF J. Rawson's Powerpoint 33
16 Hose Appliances (2 of 9) • Water thief – Similar to a gated wye – Has an additional 2 ½” outlet FF J. Rawson's Powerpoint 34
16 Hose Appliances (3 of 9) • Siamese – Combines two hose lines into one – Has two female inlets and one male outlet – Often used on engine outlets, master streams, and fire department connections FF J. Rawson's Powerpoint 35
16 Hose Appliances (4 of 9) • Adaptors – Used to connect same size hoses but with dissimilar threads – Are double-female or double-male FF J. Rawson's Powerpoint 36
16 Hose Appliances (5 of 9) • Reducers – Used to attach smaller hoses to larger hoses – Commonly used to reduce a 2½" hose to a 1½" hose FF J. Rawson's Powerpoint 37
16 Hose Appliances (6 of 9) • Hose jacket – Used to stop a leaking section of hose – Consists of a split metal cylinder that fits tightly over the hose FF J. Rawson's Powerpoint 38
16 Hose Appliances (7 of 9) • Hose roller – Used to protect a line being hoisted over an edge – Prevents chafing and kinking FF J. Rawson's Powerpoint 39
16 Hose Appliances (8 of 9) • Hose clamp – Used to temporarily stop the flow of water in a hose: • So the hydrant can be opened • That has burst FF J. Rawson's Powerpoint 40
16 Hose Appliances (9 of 9) • Valves – Control the flow of water through hose or pipe – Must be opened and closed slowly FF J. Rawson's Powerpoint 41
16 Types of Valves (1 of 2) • Ball valves – Used on nozzles, gated wyes, and engine discharges – When hole is in-line with inlet and outlet, water flows. – When ball is rotated, flow shuts off. FF J. Rawson's Powerpoint 42
16 Types of Valves (2 of 2) • Gate valves – Used on hydrants and sprinklers – Rotating spindle causes gate to move across opening • Butterfly valves – Used on large pump intake FF J. Rawson's Powerpoint 43
16 Hose Rolls • Hose roll is an efficient way to transport a single section of fire hose. • Hose can be rolled in many different ways, depending on how it will be used. FF J. Rawson's Powerpoint 44
16 Supply Hose Evolutions (1 of 4) • Forward hose lay – Allows first engine to establish a water supply without assistance – Places the attack engine close to the fire – Can be used with medium- or largediameter hose FF J. Rawson's Powerpoint 45
16 Supply Hose Evolutions (2 of 4) • Four-way hydrant valve – Used when a supply engine may be needed at the hydrant – When four-way is placed on the hydrant, water initially flows. – A second engine can then hook to the fourway and boost pressure to the supply hose. FF J. Rawson's Powerpoint 46
16 Supply Hose Evolutions (3 of 4) • Reverse hose lay – Hose is laid from the fire to the hydrant. – Used when attack engines begin attack without a supply line – Later arriving company stops at the attack engine and lays line to the hydrant. FF J. Rawson's Powerpoint 47
16 Supply Hose Evolutions (4 of 4) • Split hose lay – Performed by two engines – Used when hose must be laid from two directions – Requires coordination by two-way radio FF J. Rawson's Powerpoint 48
16 Loading Supply Hose (1 of 4) • Hose can be loaded in different ways, depending on the way the hose is planned to be laid out. • Learn the specific hose loads used by your department. FF J. Rawson's Powerpoint 49
16 Loading Supply Hose (2 of 4) • Flat hose load – Limits wear on hose edges – Used with single and split hose beds FF J. Rawson's Powerpoint 50
16 Loading Supply Hose (3 of 4) • Horseshoe hose load – Forms a U-shape – Cannot be used for large diameter hose – Causes more wear on hose edges – Tends to lay out in a wavelike manner – Has fewer sharp bends FF J. Rawson's Powerpoint 51
16 Loading Supply Hose (4 of 4) • Accordion hose load – Easy to load – Creates sharp bends in the hose – More wear than the flat load – Not recommended for large diameter hose FF J. Rawson's Powerpoint 52
16 Connecting an Engine to a Water Supply • Supply hose must be used to deliver water from the hydrant to the engine. • In most cases, soft suction hose is used to connect directly to a hydrant. • Connection can also be made with a hard suction hose. FF J. Rawson's Powerpoint 53
16 Attack Line Evolutions • Attack lines are used to deliver water from an attack engine to a nozzle. • Most engines are equipped with preconnected attack lines. • Additional supply of attack hose is usually carried in a hose bed or compartment that is not preconnected. FF J. Rawson's Powerpoint 54
16 Preconnected Attack Lines • Intended for immediate use • A preconnected hose line with a nozzle attached • Commonly 1¾" in diameter and 150' to 250' in length • May also be 2½" • A variety of loads can be used. FF J. Rawson's Powerpoint 55
16 Wye Lines • May be necessary to first advance a large diameter line and then split it into two attack lines – Accomplished by attaching a gated wye or a water thief to the end of the large-diameter line FF J. Rawson's Powerpoint 56
16 Hose Carries and Advances • Best technique for carrying and advancing fire hose depends on size of hose, distance it must be moved, and number of fire fighters available. FF J. Rawson's Powerpoint 57
16 Working Hose Drag • Used to deploy hose from a hose bed and advance the line a short distance • Several fire fighters may be needed for the task. FF J. Rawson's Powerpoint 58
16 Shoulder Carry • Used to transport full lengths of hose over a longer distance • Useful for advancing a hose line around obstructions • Requires practice and good teamwork FF J. Rawson's Powerpoint 59
16 Advancing an Attack Line (1 of 3) • Advanced in two stages • Flake extra hose in a serpentine pattern. • Once the hose is ready: – Signal pump operator to charge line. FF J. Rawson's Powerpoint 60
16 Advancing an Attack Line (2 of 3) • Open nozzle slowly to bleed out air. • Set nozzle to appropriate stream. • Ensure personal protective equipment is secure. • Check partner’s equipment. • Start breathing from SCBA. FF J. Rawson's Powerpoint 61
16 Advancing an Attack Line • • • (3 of 3) Stand to the side when opening the door. Stay low as you move in. If you can’t see, feel as you go. Communicate as you advance. Two members should be at the nozzle and one at the door feeding hose. FF J. Rawson's Powerpoint 62
16 Advance a Hose Up a Stairway • Arrange an adequate amount of extra hose close to the bottom of the stairs • Shut down the hoseline while advancing FF J. Rawson's Powerpoint 63
16 Advance a Hose Down a Stairway • Keep as low as possible to avoid heat and smoke • Never advance towards a fire unless the hose line is charged • Move carefully FF J. Rawson's Powerpoint 64
16 Advance a Hose Up a Ladder • Should be done before the line is charged • Additional hose should be fed up the ladder • Secure the hose to the ladder with a hose strap FF J. Rawson's Powerpoint 65
16 Connecting Hose Lines to a Standpipe System • Fire fighters connect attack lines to outlets inside. • Fire fighters outside supply water to the fire department connections. FF J. Rawson's Powerpoint 66
16 Advancing an Attack Line from a Standpipe Outlet • Standpipe outlets are often located in stairways. • Before charging the hose line, the hose should be flaked out on the stairs going up from the fire floor. FF J. Rawson's Powerpoint 67
16 Replacing a Defective Section of Hose • A burst hose line should be shut down as soon as possible. • A hose clamp can be used to stop the flow in an undamaged section of hose upstream from the problem. • Replace the damaged section and replace it with two sections of hose. FF J. Rawson's Powerpoint 68
16 Nozzles • Give fire streams shape and direction • Classified into groups: – Low-volume – Handline – Master stream • Shut-offs – Quarter-turn valve – Rotary control valve FF J. Rawson's Powerpoint 69
16 Smooth-Bore Nozzles (1 of 3) • Consist of shut-off valve and smooth bore tips • Fit handlines and master stream devices FF J. Rawson's Powerpoint 70
16 Smooth-Bore Nozzles (2 of 3) • Advantages: – Longer reach than combination fog nozzle – Capable of deeper penetration into burning materials – Operate at lower pressures – Extinguishes fire with less air movement FF J. Rawson's Powerpoint 71
16 Smooth-Bore Nozzles (3 of 3) • Disadvantages: – Do not absorb heat as readily as fog streams – Not as effective as fog streams for hydraulic ventilation – Cannot change setting to produce a fog pattern FF J. Rawson's Powerpoint 72
16 Fog Stream Nozzles (1 of 4) • Produce fine droplets of water • Absorb heat quickly FF J. Rawson's Powerpoint 73
16 Fog Stream Nozzles (2 of 4) • Advantages: – Create a variety of stream patterns – Can be used to create a water curtain to protect fire fighters from extreme heat – Can be used to exhaust smoke and gases through hydraulic ventilation FF J. Rawson's Powerpoint 74
16 Fog Stream Nozzles (3 of 4) • Disadvantages: – Move large volumes of air, which can result in a sudden heat inversion that pushes hot steam and gases onto fire fighters – If used incorrectly, can push fire into unaffected areas FF J. Rawson's Powerpoint 75
16 Fog Stream Nozzles (4 of 4) • Types of fog stream nozzles: – Fixed-gallonage: Deliver a preset flow in gpm at the rated discharge pressure. – Adjustable-gallonage: Allow the operator to select a desired flow. – Automatic adjusting: Deliver a wide range of flows. FF J. Rawson's Powerpoint 76
16 Other Types of Nozzles • Piercing nozzle • Cellar nozzle • Water curtain nozzle FF J. Rawson's Powerpoint 77
16 Nozzle Maintenance and Inspection • Nozzles should be: – Inspected regularly – Checked after each use – Kept clean and clear of debris • Inspect fog nozzle fingers FF J. Rawson's Powerpoint 78
16 Foam–Fire Fighter II Standard • • Used to fight several types of fires Used to prevent ignition of materials Used to neutralize hazardous materials Produced by mixing foam concentrate with water and air FF J. Rawson's Powerpoint 79
16 Foam Classifications–Fire Fighter II Standard (1 of 2) • Class A foam – Used to fight fires involving ordinary combustible materials – Increases effectiveness of water by reducing the surface tension of water – Can be added to water streams and applied with several types of nozzles FF J. Rawson's Powerpoint 80
16 Foam Classifications–Fire Fighter II Standard (2 of 2) • Class B foam – Used for Class B fires – Specific foam varies by type of flammable liquid – Separates fuel from the fire – Foam blanket must not be disturbed. – Can be applied to flammable liquid spills to prevent fire FF J. Rawson's Powerpoint 81
16 Class A Foam Concentrates–Fire Fighter II Standard • From 0. 1% to 1% solution • “Wet” foam has good penetration properties. • “Stiff” foam is more effective when applied for protecting buildings. FF J. Rawson's Powerpoint 82
16 Class B Foam Concentrates–Fire Fighter II Standard • Used as either 3% or 6% solution • Types of foams should not be mixed. FF J. Rawson's Powerpoint 83
16 Foam Equipment–Fire Fighter II Standard • Includes proportioning equipment to mix water and foam concentrate • May be portable or built-in to apparatus FF J. Rawson's Powerpoint 84
16 Foam Proportioners–Fire Fighter II Standard (1 of 3) • Eductors – Use a Venturi effect to draw foam into stream – May be built-in to pump plumbing – Portable is most common • Used with 1½" hose FF J. Rawson's Powerpoint 85
16 Foam Proportioners–Fire Fighter II Standard (2 of 3) • Injectors – Add concentrate to the water stream under pressure – Most work across a range of flow rates and pressures – A metering system takes measurements and adjusts the injector to the proper amounts. FF J. Rawson's Powerpoint 86
16 Foam Proportioners–Fire Fighter II Standard (3 of 3) • Batch mixing – Concentrate poured directly into booster tank • Premixing – Commonly used in 2½-gallon extinguishers – Extinguisher is filled with foam solution and pressurized. – Some vehicles have large tanks of premixed foam. FF J. Rawson's Powerpoint 87
16 Foam Application Systems–Fire Fighter II Standard • Types – – Portable extinguishers Hand lines Master stream devices Fixed systems • Foam is applied with a variety of nozzles. FF J. Rawson's Powerpoint 88
16 Foam Application Rates–Fire Fighter II Standard • • Low-expansion foam Medium-expansion foam High-expansion foam Compressed air foam systems FF J. Rawson's Powerpoint 89
16 Foam Application Techniques– Fire Fighter II Standard • Sweep method (rollon) • Bankshot method (bank-down) • Rain-down method FF J. Rawson's Powerpoint 90
16 Summary (1 of 2) • Fire hydraulics deal with properties of energy, pressure, and water flow as related to fire suppression. • Fire hoses are used for two main purposes: supply and attack. • Fire hoses range in size from 1 inch to 6 inches in diameter. • Fire hoses should be regularly inspected and tested following the procedures in NFPA 1962. • Hoses that are not properly maintained can deteriorate over time and eventually burst. • A hose appliance is any device used in conjunction with a fire hose for the purpose of delivering water. FF J. Rawson's Powerpoint 91
16 Summary (2 of 2) • Rolled hose is compact and easy to manage. • Hose evolutions involve specific actions that are assigned to each member of a crew, depending on their riding positions on the apparatus. • Nozzles are attached to the discharge ends of attack lines to give fire streams shape and direction. • Nozzles are classified into three categories: low-volume nozzles, handline nozzles, and master stream nozzles. • Firefighting foam can be used to fight several types of fires and to prevent the ignition of materials that could become involved in a fire. FF J. Rawson's Powerpoint 92
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