15 Global Media Communication Around The World Media

15 Global Media Communication Around The World

Media Ideals Around The World Four Theories of the Press (1956): • written by Fred S. Siebert, Theodore Peterson, and Wilbur Schramm • four major forms of international press: § § authoritarian libertarian Soviet/communist social responsibility

Last Rights: Revisiting Four Theories of the Press: § 1995 book written by John Nerone § update of earlier four theories § argued four theories were not a timeless set of categories § saw them as a critique set within a particular time period A fifth theory? § development theory

• Authoritarian theory § oldest theory of the press § role of the press is to be a servant of the government § control of the press is carried out by: • giving permits to only certain printers • prosecuting anyone who violates standards • totalitarian governments (example in the 1990 s: Serbian president Slobodan Milosevic)

• Communist Theory § press is run by the government to serve the government’s own needs § only one valid political and social philosophy § proposes the following principles: • The media are an instrument of the government and the Communist Party. • The media should be closely tied to other sources of government power. • The media’s main purpose is to act as a tool for government propaganda.

• Libertarian Theory § Press belongs to the people and serves as an independent observer of the government. § It follows the basic ideals of the First Amendment to the U. S. Constitution. § It is based on the following principles: • People want to know the truth and be guided by it. • The only way to arrive at the truth is for ideas to be freely and openly discussed. • Different people will have different opinions, and everyone must be allowed to develop their own. • The most rational ideas will be the most accepted § The functions of the press are to inform, entertain, and advertise.

• Social Responsibility Theory § while the press may be free from interference by the government, it can still be controlled by corporate interests § press obliged to serve several social functions: • provide the news and information needed to make the political system work • give the public the information needed for selfgovernance • serve as an overseer of the government • serve the economic function of bringing together buyers and sellers through advertising • provide entertainment • be profitable enough to avoid outside pressures.

• Norms for the press in the twenty-first century § development theory: • addresses the special needs of emerging nations • governments may feel that they need to restrict freedom of the press in order to promote industry, national identity, and partnerships with neighboring nations

Going Global—Media Standards Around The World • Alan Ward’s five dimensions of media rating: § § § control finance programming goals target audience feedback mechanism

http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=pn 8 hrc. N 1 NMY Canada free press patterned on the United States U. S. media tends to overshadow Canadian; Canadian radio must be at least 35 % domestic

Britain broadcasting was dominated by state -run monopolies up until the 1980 s. public service and cultural preservation priorities Britain and BBC: operates under a public service model audience members pay the cost of the programming (equipment licensing fees) http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=C 8 Hr 1 z 3 w 4 h. M

§ Internet not as pervasive § increase in privately owned television stations § newspapers tend to take an obvious political view point § newspaper readership worldwide highest in Europe • facing declines

• Central and Latin America § broadcasting dominated by North American, Mexican, and Brazilian programming § fewer language barriers than other regions § newspaper circulation has been growing • 1, 000 papers, 100 million http: //www. televisa. com/progra readership mas/noticieros-y-analisis/

Islamic Countries and the Middle East § straddle the fence between social responsibility and authoritarian media control § controls on journalists and content § Al Hayat and Al. Jazeera § satellite and Internet and “small media” allowing bypass of control

http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=v. Pbam. N 4 v 2 Mc HTTP: //WWW. YOUTUBE. COM/USER/ALJAZEERAENGLISH? BL END=1&OB=4

§ Professor Kai Hafez’s three types of press in the Arab world: • mobilized • loyalist • diverse

• The importance of “small” media § fax machines, photocopy machines, video cameras, computers, and the Internet § provide for a range of voices § Internet allows for wider expression § size and availability make control difficult

• Television in the Islamic World § § heavy government control varied availability Saudi Arabian network (1960 s) little known about Saudi viewer habits • 1995 survey— 63 percent had access to satellite programming

• Al-Jazeera § broadcast via satellite from Qatar since 1997 § only 10 percent of all Arabs with satellite TV never watch it § committed to presenting an Arab view of the world § founded by Sheik Hamad bin Khalifa al-Thani § started after failed Arabic-language BBC project

Africa § prime example of development media theory § early media covered white settlers only § newspapers found in large cities • circulation limited by poverty and illiteracy

http: //www. youtube. com/watch ? v=Bx. IAJQp. VNc 4 § radio is the most important medium § Television and Internet limited § no major newspapers are published in African languages § more languages spoken than any other continent

South Africa § South African Broadcasting Corporation § committee of lawyers and media professionals regulate the broadcast industry §. seven different languages § source of inspiration for Western pop music • township jive • artists have recorded with Western artists

Russia and the former Soviet republics § under communism, no ideal of an independent press § control continues even after 1991 fall of Soviet Union • most media owned by private, pro-government business people § Moscow—twenty daily and weekly newspapers

Russia § zakazukha—selling articles to highest bidder § some papers supports the boss’s political agenda § television is the most important medium • few can afford newspapers • http: //www. artn. tv/

India http: //www. youtube. com/w atch? v=i. Da 0 CKy 1 f. TU § 40 percent of India’s households have television sets § 40 percent read newspapers § 120 million of 220 million households have a radio § newspapers are big industry § All India Radio (AIR) dominant radio source

China § role of the media is to promote public policies § all media are controlled by the government §. ”

http: //www. youtube. com/watch ? v=y 7 g. H-HEi. MJM § Kenneth Petress on Chinese media: • “Propaganda is not a dirty word in China; it is a respected public service profession

http: //www. youtube. com/watch ? v=x 7 qj 6 y. Rcq. XQ § American policy helped shape Japanese media after World War II § NHK is Japan’s public broadcasting corporation § Balance between commercial and public broadcasting

http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=A 9 KHyl. Rrw. SQ&feature =Play. List&p=9 ACBC 1879 B 0 A 0 AD 0&playnext=1&playnex t_from=PL&index=19 • manga, or comic books, are the most popular magazines: § account for 40 percent of all books and magazines § growing in popularity in the United States

Dangers to Journalists: § In 2006 worldwide 55 journalists were killed • 32 of them were in Iraq (4 combatrelated, 28 murdered) § ABC News anchor Bob Woodruff injured § hostage-taking increasing § fear of reprisals discouraging journalistic coverage in danger spots

Woodruff

• Marshall Mc. Luhan’s Global Village: electronic media help people live and interact globally

§ Ken Auletta: • perhaps not just one single wired global village • perhaps hundreds or thousands of global villages § W. Russell Neuman: • just because we have access, people may choose to ignore it