15 3 Mechanisms of EVOLUTION 15 3 Speciation
- Slides: 93
15. 3 Mechanisms of EVOLUTION
15. 3 Speciation The formation of a new species
What is a species? A group of organisms with similar characteristics capable of producing fertile offspring
What is a species? Members of a species share the same gene pool (sum of all the genes + their different forms – alleles)
Speciation New species are formed when a population diverges into two populations AND
Speciation New species are formed when a population diverges into two populations AND the gene pools of two populations become reproductively isolated
Speciation New species are formed when a population diverges into two populations AND the gene pools of two populations become reproductively isolated = the populations can’t produce a fertile offsprings
Speciation There are several different ways speciation can occur. . .
Modes of Speciation Allopatric Speciation Peripatric Speciation Parapatric Speciation Sympatric Speciation
Allopatric Speciation Is a type of geographic isolation A population is split in two (or more) by some kind of physical barrier (mountain, river, wall…)
Allopatric Speciation The separated populations undergo changes in their genes as they begin to adapt to different environments or as they undergo mutations.
Allopatric Speciation After that time they are no longer capable of interbreeding (exchanging the genes)
EXAMPLE 1 – Allopatric Speciation A population of wild fruit flies minding its own business on several bunches of rotting bananas. They also lay eggs inside of bananas.
EXAMPLE 1 – Allopatric Speciation A hurricane washes the bananas and the fruit flies’ eggs out to sea. The bananas eventually wash up on an island off the coast of the mainland
EXAMPLE 1 – Allopatric Speciation The fruit flies mature (eggs became flies) and emerge onto the lonely island. The two portions of the population, mainland island, are now too far apart for gene flow to unite them.
EXAMPLE 1 – Allopatric Speciation At this point, speciation has not occurred yet — any fruit flies that would fly back to the mainland could mate and produce healthy offspring with the mainland flies.
EXAMPLE 1 – Allopatric Speciation The populations diverge: Ecological conditions are slightly different on the island, and the island population evolves differently than the mainland population does.
EXAMPLE 1 – Allopatric Speciation Morphology (eye color), food preferences, and mating behaviours change over the course of many generations of natural
EXAMPLE 1 – Allopatric Speciation When another storm reintroduces the island flies to the mainland, they will not be able to mate with the mainland flies since they’ve evolved different mating behaviours.
EXAMPLE 1 – Allopatric Speciation The flies’ lineages has split now that genes cannot flow between the populations
EXAMPLE 2 – Allopatric Speciation Darwin’s Finches Darwin thought that a long time ago there must have been a common ancestor to the finch species.
EXAMPLE 2 – Allopatric Speciation Darwin’s Finches As the Galapagos islands were formed, the common ancestor slowly dispersed and broke away from one another.
EXAMPLE 2 – Allopatric Speciation Darwin’s Finches Genetic variations amongst the finches were then selected for by the environment (natural selection).
EXAMPLE 2 – Allopatric Speciation Darwin’s Finches This resulted in the formation of new species on each island
EXAMPLE 3 – Allopatric Speciation Blue headed wrasse and Cortez Rainbow wrasse
EXAMPLE 3 – Allopatric Speciation Blue headed wrasse and Cortez Rainbow wrasse Original population was split by the formation of isthmus of Panama about 3. 5 million years ago
EXAMPLE 3 – Allopatric Speciation Blue headed wrasse and Cortez Rainbow wrasse Since that time, genetic changes happened in the both populations. These changes led to creation of different species
EXAMPLE 4 – Allopatric Speciation Hawaiian honeycreepers Very similar to Galapagos’ finches
EXAMPLE 4 – Allopatric Speciation Hawaiian honeycreepers On each island of Hawaii, we can find different species of honeycreeper
EXAMPLE 4 – Allopatric Speciation Hawaiian honeycreepers It is thought that they all descended from a single species of honeycreeper
EXAMPLE 4 – Allopatric Speciation Hawaiian honeycreepers
Peripatric Speciation a special version of the allopatric speciation - It happens when one of the isolated populations has very few individuals - genetic drift (the founder effect) plays a major role in this speciation
Peripatric Speciation A population of wild fruit flies minding its own business on several bunches of rotting bananas also laying eggs inside of bananas.
Peripatric Speciation A hurricane washes the bananas and the fruit flies’ eggs out to sea. The bananas eventually wash up on an island off the coast of the mainland
Peripatric Speciation But only a few eggs have survived the journey to end up colonizing the island.
Peripatric Speciation These few survivors just by chance carry some genes that are very rare in the mainland population.
Peripatric Speciation One of these rare genes causes a slight variation in the mating behaviour and changes in sexual organs. (REMEMBER? it’s an example of the founder effect)
Peripatric Speciation After a few generations, the entire island population ends up having these rare genes.
Peripatric Speciation As the island population grows, flies experience natural selection that favours individuals better suited to the reproductive behaviour, climate and food of the island.
Peripatric Speciation After some generations, the island flies become isolated from the mainland flies. Peripatric speciation has occurred
Peripatric vs Allopatric Speciation WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THEM?
Peripatric vs Allopatric Speciation It is the size of the populations involved!
Peripatric vs Allopatric Speciation In allopatric speciation, a population is separated into two relatively large independent populations. In peripatric speciation, only a small fraction of the original population becomes geographically isolated.
Parapatric Speciation There is no specific barrier (mountain, river…) to gene flow, but the population does not mate randomly
Parapatric Speciation Individuals are more likely to mate with their geographic neighbours than with individuals in a different part of the population’s area
Parapatric Speciation The two species may come in contact from time to time but (after some time), species can no longer produce offspring together anymore
EXAMPLE 1 – parapatric Speciation A grass species Anthoxanthum odoratum
EXAMPLE 1 – parapatric Speciation Some of these plants live near mines where the soil has become contaminated with heavy metals.
EXAMPLE 1 – parapatric Speciation Some plants around the mines have experienced natural selection and are now tolerant of heavy metals.
EXAMPLE 1 – parapatric Speciation The neighbouring plants that don’t live in polluted soil have not experienced natural selection for this trait (they have NO tolerance of heavy metals)
EXAMPLE 1 – parapatric Speciation Both plants are close enough that they could fertilize each other (mate with each other)
EXAMPLE 1 – parapatric Speciation However, the two types of plants have evolved different flowering times. This change is the first step in cutting off gene flow between the two groups = SPECIATION
Sympatric Speciation In sympatric speciation, species diverge while inhabiting the same place.
Sympatric Speciation It does not require large area to reduce gene flow between parts of a population
Example of Sympatric Speciation 200 years ago, the ancestors of apple maggot flies laid their eggs only on hawthorns Maggots Hawthorns
Example of Sympatric Speciation but today, these flies lay eggs on hawthorns and domestic apples (which were introduced to America by immigrants) Hawthorns Apples Maggots
Example of Sympatric Speciation Females generally choose to lay their eggs on the type of fruit they grew up in, and males tend to look for mates on the type of fruit they grew up in.
Example of Sympatric Speciation So hawthorn flies generally end up mating with other hawthorn flies + Hawthorns
Example of Sympatric Speciation and apple flies generally end up mating with other apple flies. + Apples
Example of Sympatric Speciation Hawthorn flies and apple flies never mate together + Hawthorns Apples
Example of Sympatric Speciation This means that gene flow between parts of the population that mate on different types of fruit is reduced. + Hawthorns Apples
Example of Sympatric Speciation This host shift from hawthorns to apples may be the first step toward sympatric speciation —in fewer than 200 years, some genetic differences between these two groups of flies have evolved + Hawthorns Apples
Evidence for Speciation? Speciation is a long process, but we can find evidence for it in PATTERNS OF EVOLUTION
PATTERNS OF EVOLUTION Adaptive radiation Convergent Evolution Coevolution Rate of Speciation
Coevolution • Many species evolve in close relationship with other species.
Coevolution • The relationship might be so close that the evolution of one species affects the evolution of other species. This is called coevolution. • For Example: Mutualism - when two species benefit each other.
Coevolution – EXAMPLE 1 • comet orchids and the moths that pollinate them have coevolved an intimate dependency • the foot long flowers of this plant perfectly match the foot -long tongue of the moth
Coevolution – EXAMPLE 2 • One species can evolve a parasitic dependency on another species. • This type of relationship is often called a coevolutionary arms race
Coevolution – EXAMPLE 2 • A plant and an insect that is dependent on the plant for food. – The plant population evolves a chemical defense against the insect population. – The insects, in turn, evolve the biochemistry to resist the defense. – The plant then steps up the race by evolving new defences, the insect escalates its response, and the race goes on.
PATTERNS OF EVOLUTION Adaptive radiation Convergent Evolution Coevolution Rate of Speciation
Adaptive Radiation = divergent evolution • can occur in a relatively short time when one species gives rise to many species in response to the creation of new habitat or another ecological opportunity.
Adaptive Radiation = divergent evolution • Adaptive radiation often follows large - scale extinctions (such as the extinction of dinosaurs and subsequent rise of mammals) • These different species have homologous structures
Adaptive Radiation – EXAMPLE 1 • More than 300 species of cichlid fish once lived in Africa’s Lake Victoria. • Data shows that these species diverged from a single ancestor within the last 14, 000 years.
PATTERNS OF EVOLUTION Adaptive radiation Convergent Evolution Coevolution Rate of Speciation
Adaptive Radiation = divergent evolution Produces Homologous Structures
Convergent Evolution common adaptations to similar environments
Convergent Evolution occurs when organisms that are NOT closely related (they have no common ancestors) live in the SAME environment in different parts of the world.
Convergent Evolution – Example 1 • all of these animals live or lived in an ocean but they are not closely related
Convergent Evolution These species independently evolved similar traits or structures which are adapted to that same environment What similar traits or structures these three animals gained during the course of evolution?
Convergent Evolution Flippers, streamlined body, ability to swim What similar traits or structures these three animals gained during the course of evolution?
Convergent Evolution Prickles, thorns and spines
Convergent Evolution They have evolved independently to prevent or reduce herbivory (eating of plants by organisms)
Convergent Evolution Produces Analogous Structures
Adaptive Radiation = divergent evolution Produces Homologous Structures
Analogues Structures VS. Homologues Structures
Analogues Structures Different internal structures Same Function Similar Environments Result of Convergent Evolution VS. Homologues Structures Same internal structures Different Functions Different Environments Result of Divergent Evolution
PATTERNS OF EVOLUTION Adaptive radiation Convergent Evolution Coevolution Rate of Speciation
Rate of Speciation • Evolution is a dynamic process: traits might change rapidly OR traits might remain unchanged for millions of years. • Some scientists think that evolution proceeds in small, gradual steps = gradualism. A great deal of evidence favors this theory. # of specie s Time
Rate of Speciation • However, the fossil record contains instances of abrupt transitions. • Certain species of fossil snails looked the same for millions of years, then the shell shape changed dramatically in only a few thousand years = punctuated equilibrium
Rate of Speciation • However, the fossil record contains instances of abrupt transitions. • Certain species of fossil snails looked the same for millions of years, then the shell shape changed dramatically in only a few thousand years = punctuated equilibrium # of specie s Time
- Isolating mechanism
- Mechanism of evolution
- Evolution graphic organizer
- Mechanism of evolution
- Chapter 15 section 3 shaping evolutionary theory answer key
- Mechanisms of evolution
- 1 in 1700 us caucasian newborns have cystic fibrosis
- Mechanism of evolution
- Mechanisms of evolution
- Speciation
- Speciation definition biology
- Biological species concept
- Speciation process
- Huahaca
- Section 16-3 the process of speciation
- Fox cladogram
- Speciation
- Artificial speciation
- Section 16-3 the process of speciation
- Speciation through isolation
- Example of parapatric speciation
- Allopatric speciation def
- Section 16–3 the process of speciation (pages 404–410)
- Taxonomic species concept
- Speciation process
- Parapatric speciation
- Types of speciation
- Hybrid fertility
- Example of a postzygotic barrier
- Speciation scenarios reinforcement answer key
- Parapatric speciation
- Population genetics and speciation worksheet answer key
- Ecological speciation
- Modes of speciation ppt
- Modes of speciation ppt
- Speciation, or the formation of new species, is
- Parapatric speciation
- Dérive genetique
- La spéciation
- Parapatric speciation
- Speciation
- 16-3 the process of speciation
- Ring species
- The origin species chapter 18
- Genetic drift in small populations
- Sympatric speciation
- Mechanical isolation
- Sympatric speciation example
- Scala naturae
- Steps of speciation
- Types of pop up card mechanisms
- Stopped flow
- How do sponges protect themselves from predators
- Weighing mechanisms in public forum debate
- The art of writing reasonable organic reaction mechanisms
- Behaviorist theory of personality
- Concurrency control mechanisms
- Hublov
- Mechanisms of heat loss in newborn
- Types of social control
- Psychoanalytic and psychodynamic
- Mechanisms of action of aspirin
- Oral fixation examples
- Security services and mechanisms in cryptography
- Specific defense vs nonspecific defense
- E-commerce mechanisms definition
- Sensory vs motor
- Synectic triggers
- Physiologic process
- Psychoanalytic theory defense mechanisms
- Alternative risk transfer mechanisms
- Rationalization defense mechanism
- Security attacks services and mechanisms
- Portal circulation
- Youjip
- Defense mechanisms examples
- Negative feedback loop
- Lord of the flies introduction activity
- Psychic defense mechanisms klein
- National mechanism for reporting and follow-up
- Homeostasis mechanisms for regulation of body temperature
- Strengthening mechanisms
- Compensatory mechanism of heart failure
- E commerce mechanism
- Internal and external service delivery mechanisms
- Synectic trigger
- Aspirin mechanism of action
- What are the mechanisms of labor
- Primary embedding mechanisms adalah
- Behaviorist theory of personality
- Pearson
- Multi device broker in cloud computing
- What is drrm all about
- Technology transfer mechanisms