14 8 Limbic System Limbic System Also known

14 -8 Limbic System

Limbic System • Also known as _________________ system • Includes nuclei and tracts along border b/t ________________ and diencephalon • Functions: • Establishing emotional states • Linking conscious, intellectual functions of cerebral cortex w/ unconscious function of brain stem • Facilitating memory storage and retrieval

Limbic System Parts • _________________ body- amygdala; helps w/ regulating HR, the “fight or flight” response, and linking emotions w/ memories • ______________ lobe- consists of gyri and underlying structures adjacent to diencephalon • ________ conceal the hippocampus-storage and retrieval of new long-term memories • ___________- connects hippocampus w/ hypothalamus

14 -9 Cerebrum

Cerebral Cortex • Blanket of _____________ cortex that covers the cerebral hemispheres • ___________________ fissure- separates 2 cerebral hemispheres • Each hemisphere can be divided into lobes named after the skull • ____________________-deep groove that divides the anterior frontal lobe from posterior parietal • ____________________-separates frontal from temporal lobe • Parieto-occipital sulcus- separates parietal from _______________ lobe

Cerebral Lobes • Each _____________ hemisphere receives sensory info from, and sends motor commands to, the opposite side of the body • The two hemispheres have different functions • Correspondence b/t specific function and specific region of _______________________ is imprecise

Basal Nuclei • Involved w/ subconscious control of _______________ muscle tone • Coordination of ______________ movement patterns • Do not initiate particular movements but provide general pattern and rhythm

Motor and Sensory Areas of Cortex • ________________ gyrus- frontal lobe; forms anterior border of central sulcus • ______________- primary motor cortex • Primary motor cortex- voluntary control of skeletal muscles • ________________ gyrus- parietal lobe; forms posterior border of central sulcus • Surface- primary sensory cortex • Conscious perception of touch, pressure, pain, vibration, taste, and temp. • Visual cortex- occipital lobe; receives visual info • ___________cortex- temporal lobe; hearing • _____________ cortex- temporal lobe; smell • Gustatory cortex- taste receptors of tongue and pharynx

Association Areas • Regions of the cortex that interpret incoming data or coordinate a ___________ response • Somatic sensory association area- monitors activity in primary sensory cortex • ____________ • Smell, sight, and hearing- each has its own association area • Somatic motor association area (premotor cortex)- responsible for coordination of _______________ movements

Integrative Centers • Areas that receive info from many ______________ areas and direct complex motor activities • Also perform complicated ________________ functions • • General interpretive area Speech center Prefrontal cortex Brodmann areas

General Interpretive Area • ______________ area • Receives info from all __________ association areas • Present in only _________ hemisphere • Damage affects ability to interpret what is seen or heard

Speech Center • __________ area • Regulates patterns of breathing and vocalization needed for normal speech • Damage- can make sounds but not _______

Prefrontal Cortex • Coordinates info relayed from association areas of entire __________ • Performs ___________ intellectual functions • Predicting consequences of actions • Damage- difficulty in estimating relationships b/t events • “ How long ago did this happen? ” • Frustration, tension, and anxiety

Brodmann Areas • 47 patterns of cellular organization in _____________ cortex • Some correspond to show functional areas

Hemispheric Lateralization • Each of the 2 cerebral hemispheres are responsible for specific functions • Left hemisphere (dominant hemisphere) • general interpretive and ___________ centers • language-based skills • ______________ tasks • Right hemisphere • Analyzes sensory info and relates body to sensory environment • Analyzes _____________ context of a conversation

Cranial Nerves Oh Once One Take The Anatomy Final, Very Good Vacations Are Heavenly!

Cranial Nerves I. _____________- special sensory; smell I. Attach directly to cerebrum II. _________- special sensory; vision III. ________________- motor; eye movements I. Each one innervates 4 of 6 extra-ocular muscles and the levator palpebrae superioris muscle- raises upper _________ II. Damage- pain over eye, droopy eyelids, double vision IV. _____________- motor; eye movements I. Innervates superior _____________ muscle II. Damage- difficulty looking down and to side

Cranial Nerves V. _______________- mixed; to face • Largest cranial nerves • Provides both somatic sensory info from head and face and motor control over muscle of _________________ VI. _______________- motor; eye movements • innervates lateral __________ muscles (makes eye look to side) VII. _________- mixed; to face • ___________- monitor proprioceptiors in facial muscles, provide deep pressure sensations over face, and receive taste info from receptors on tongue • Motor- control superficial muscles of scalp and face and deep muscles near

Cranial Nerves VIII. ___________________- special sensory: balance and equilibrium and hearing IX. _________________- mixed; to head and neck • Innervate tongue and _____________ • Sensory- carry sensory info from lining of pharynx and soft palate to nucleus in medulla; provide taste sensations; special receptors monitor BP and gas concentrations in carotid arteries • Motor- control pharyngeal muscles involved in _________________

Cranial Nerves X. ____________- mixed; distributed in thorax and abdomen • Provides somatic sensory info about external acoustic meatus and _____________ • Sensory info from pharyngeal taste receptors • Carry sensory info from receptors along esophagus, respiratory tract, and abdominal viscera • Carries preganglionic autonomic fibers that affect heart and control smooth muscles • Damage- difficulty ______________

Cranial Nerves XI. _____________- motor; muscles of neck and upper back • Internal branch- innervates the voluntary swallowing muscles of soft palate and pharynx and intrinsic muscles that control the ____________________ • External branch- controls sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles of neck and back XII. _______________- motor; tongue movements • Provides voluntary motor control over movements of tongue

14 -10 Cranial Reflexes

Cranial Reflexes Reflex Stimulus Response Corneal Reflex Contact w/ corneal surface Blinking of eyelids Tympanic Reflex Loud noise Reduced movement of auditory ossicles Auditory Reflexes Loud noise Eye and/or head movements triggered by sudden sounds Vestibulo-ocular reflexes Rotation of head Opposite movement of eyes to stabilize field of vision Direct light reflex Light striking photoreceptors Constriction of ipsilateral pupil Consensual light reflex Light striking photoreceptors Constriction of contralateral pupil Somatic Reflexes Visceral Reflexes