14 4 100 Years War the Plague Bell
14. 4 – 100 Years’ War & the Plague Bell ringer: Which changes in the English government are reflected in the U. S government today?
Setting the Stage • 1300 s was filled with natural and human disasters • An epidemic will kill millions & change the economies of Europe • England France will fight wars & eventually gain new/improved governments
• 1300: Pope Boniface VIII sends and official document to King Philip IV of France that he must obey him • Philip becomes enraged captures the pope for trial in France “My master’s sword is made of steel, the pop’e is made of [words]” • -King Philips minister Change in Location
• Pope Boniface is rescued. • Boniface dies months later; last time a pope pushed control of a king • 1305: College of Cardinals select Clement V as pope • Moves church from Rome to Avignon • After a series of popes
The Great Schism • The Church was weakened by move • 1379: Gregory XI dies in Rome; Cardinals choose Urban VI (Italian) as pope (arrogant) • Due to crowd outside • Cardinals choose Clement VII months later • 2 popes • Popes excommunicate each other = Great Schism Divison • 1414 – There are three popes! – Council of Constance forces them to resign • 1417: Schism ends with selection of Martin V
Challenge to the Church • John Wycliffe preaches Jesus Christ was head of the church; not the pope • Disgusted by wealth of the clergy • Jan Hus taught the Bible was the final authority, not the pope • Excommunicated, tried as a heretic, & burned at the stake
Plague: Origins • Bubonic plague kills 1/3 of Europe’s population (25 m) • Rips apart society – p. 399 • The Plague started in Asia (Mongols) & expanded through trade • Named the Black Death – Purple or black spots • Hit Italy by way of Genoese merchant ships • Spreads throughout Europe in 4 years
• Population falls • Trade declines, prices rise • Serfs leave manor for more money • Nobles resist peasant wages = revolts • Jews persecuted; blamed for the plague • The Church loses prestige: prayers not answered, priests abandon duties Plague: Effects
100 Years’ War • War marks end of medieval Europe • Edward III (Br. ) claims succession to French throne • Launches war (off & on) from 1337 -1453 • Britain gains the upper hand early • 1421 -1453: French rally & drive the English out of France (- Calais)
• English introduce the Longbow • Battle of Crécy: Outnumbered; defeat French knights • Longbow equalizes the French knights & crossbows – Why? • Battles of Poitiers & Agincourt – repeats of Crécy – End of Chivalric Warfare Change in Warfare
Joan of Arc • Joan of Arc moved by God to rescue France from England – Heard voices of saints • Wanted to give the crown to Charles VII (Fr. ) not Henry V (Br. ) • 5/7/1429 – Joan leads French to victory at Orléans – Charles crowned king at Reims • Captured, condemned as a witch, and burned at the stake as a heretic
• War ends in 1453 • Major Changes: – Nationalism for both France & England – French monarch increases power & prestige – English suffer internal turmoil = War of the Roses • War ends great religious devotion & the code of chivalry Impact of the War
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