14 1 CHAPTER 14 Corporations Dividends Retained Earnings

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CHAPTER 14 Corporations: Dividends, Retained Earnings, and Income Reporting 14 -2

Previewof. CHAPTER 14 14 -3

Dividends Distribution of cash or stock to stockholders on a pro rata (proportional) basis. Types of Dividends: 1. Cash dividends. 3. Stock dividends. 2. Property dividends. 4. Scrip. Dividends expressed: (1) as a percentage of the par or stated value, or (2) as a dollar amount per share. 14 -4 SO 1 Prepare the entries for cash dividends and stock dividends.

Dividends Three dates: 14 -5 SO 1 Prepare the entries for cash dividends and stock dividends.

Dividends Cash Dividends For a corporation to pay a cash dividend, it must have: 1. Retained earnings - Payment of cash dividends from retained earnings is legal in all states. 2. Adequate cash. 3. A declaration of dividends by the Board of Directors. 14 -6 SO 1 Prepare the entries for cash dividends and stock dividends.

Dividends Illustration: On Dec. 1, the directors of Media General declare a 50¢ per share cash dividend on 100, 000 shares of $10 par value common stock. The dividend is payable on Jan. 20 to shareholders of record on Dec. 22? December 1 (Declaration Date) Cash dividends Dividends payable December 22 (Date of Record) 50, 000 No entry January 20 (Payment Date) Dividends payable Cash 14 -7 50, 000 SO 1 Prepare the entries for cash dividends and stock dividends.

Dividends Allocating Cash Dividends Between Preferred and Common Stock Holders of cumulative preferred stock must be paid any unpaid prior-year dividends before common stockholders receive dividends. 14 -8 SO 1 Prepare the entries for cash dividends and stock dividends.

Dividends Illustration: On December 31, 2012, IBR Inc. has 1, 000 shares of 8%, $100 par value cumulative preferred stock. It also has 50, 000 shares of $10 par value common stock outstanding. At December 31, 2012, the directors declare a $6, 000 cash dividend. Prepare the entry to record the declaration of the dividend. Cash dividends 6, 000 Dividends payable 6, 000 Pfd Dividends: 1, 000 shares x $100 par x 8% = $8, 000 14 -9 SO 1 Prepare the entries for cash dividends and stock dividends.

Dividends Illustration: At December 31, 2013, IBR declares a $50, 000 cash dividend. Show the allocation of dividends to each class of stock. $ 50, 000 2, 000 8, 000 ** * $ 40, 000 * 1, 000 shares x $100 par x 8% = $8, 000 ** 2012 Pfd. dividends $8, 000 – declared $6, 000 = $2, 000 14 -10 SO 1 Prepare the entries for cash dividends and stock dividends.

Dividends Illustration: At December 31, 2013, IBR declares a $50, 000 cash dividend. Prepare the entry to record the declaration of the dividend. Cash dividends Dividends payable 14 -11 50, 000 SO 1 Prepare the entries for cash dividends and stock dividends.

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Dividends Stock Dividends Illustration 14 -3 Pro rata distribution of the corporation’s own stock. Results in decrease in retained earnings and increase in paid-in capital. 14 -13 SO 1 Prepare the entries for cash dividends and stock dividends.

Dividends Stock Dividends Reasons why corporations issue stock dividends: 1. Satisfy stockholders’ dividend expectations without spending cash. 2. Increase marketability of the corporation’s stock. 3. Emphasize a portion of stockholders’ equity has been permanently reinvested in the business. 14 -14 SO 1 Prepare the entries for cash dividends and stock dividends.

Dividends Stock Dividends u Small stock dividend (less than 20– 25% of the corporation’s issued stock, recorded at fair market value) * u Large stock dividend (greater than 20– 25% of issued stock, recorded at par value) * Accounting based on the assumption that a small stock dividend will have little effect on the market price of the outstanding shares. 14 -15 SO 1 Prepare the entries for cash dividends and stock dividends.

Dividends Illustration: HH Inc. has 5, 000 shares issued and outstanding. The per share par value is $1, book value $32 and market value is $40. 10% stock dividend is declared Stock dividends (5, 000 x 10% x $40) Common stock dividends distributable Paid-in capital in excess of par value 20, 000 500 19, 500 Stock issued Common stock dividends distributable Common stock (5, 000 x 10% x $1) 14 -16 500 SO 1 Prepare the entries for cash dividends and stock dividends.

Dividends Stockholders’ Equity with Dividends Distributable 14 -17 SO 1 Prepare the entries for cash dividends and stock dividends.

Dividends Effects of Stock Dividends $ 14 -18 0 SO 1 Prepare the entries for cash dividends and stock dividends.

Dividends Question Which of the following statements about small stock dividends is true? a. A debit to Stock Dividends for the par value of the shares issued should be made. b. A small stock dividend decreases total stockholders’ equity. c. Market value per share should be assigned to the dividend shares. d. A small stock dividend ordinarily will have no effect on book value per share of stock. 14 -19 SO 1 Prepare the entries for cash dividends and stock dividends.

Dividends Question In the stockholders’ equity section, Common Stock Dividends Distributable is reported as a(n): a. deduction from total paid-in capital and retained earnings. b. current liability. c. deduction from retained earnings. d. addition to capital stock. 14 -20 SO 1 Prepare the entries for cash dividends and stock dividends.

Dividends Stock Split 14 -21 u Reduces the market value of shares. u No entry recorded for a stock split. u Decrease par value and increase number of shares. SO 1 Prepare the entries for cash dividends and stock dividends.

Dividends Illustration: HH Inc. has 5, 000 shares issued and outstanding. The per share par value is $1, book value $32 and market value is $40. 2 for 1 Stock Split No Entry -- Disclosure that par is now $. 50 and shares outstanding are 10, 000. 14 -22 SO 1 Prepare the entries for cash dividends and stock dividends.

Dividends Effects of Stock Splits 14 -23 SO 1 Prepare the entries for cash dividends and stock dividends.

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Retained Earnings u Net income increases Retained Earnings and a net loss decreases Retained Earnings. u Part of the stockholders’ claim on the total assets of the corporation. u Debit balance in Retained Earnings is identified as a deficit. Illustration 14 -9 14 -25 SO 2 Identify the items reported in a retained earnings statement.

Retained Earnings Restrictions can result from: 1. Legal restrictions. 2. Contractual restrictions. 3. Voluntary restrictions. Companies generally disclose retained earnings restrictions in the notes to the financial statements. 14 -26 SO 2 Identify the items reported in a retained earnings statement.

Retained Earnings Prior Period Adjustments u Correction of an error in previously issued financial statements. u Result from: u 14 -27 ► mathematical mistakes. ► mistakes in application of accounting principles. ► oversight or misuse of facts. Adjustment made to the beginning balance of retained earnings. SO 2 Identify the items reported in a retained earnings statement.

Retained Earnings Statement Before issuing the report for the year ended December 31, 2012, you discover a $50, 000 error (net of tax) that caused the 2011 inventory to be overstated (overstated inventory caused COGS to be lower and thus net income to be higher in 2011. Would this discovery have any impact on the reporting of the Statement of Retained Earnings for 2012? 14 -28 SO 2 Identify the items reported in a retained earnings statement.

Retained Earnings Statement 14 -29 SO 2 Identify the items reported in a retained earnings statement.

Retained Earnings Statement Debits and Credits to Retained Earnings Illustration 14 -13 14 -30 SO 2 Identify the items reported in a retained earnings statement.

Retained Earnings Statement Question All but one of the following is reported in a retained earnings statement. The exception is: a. cash and stock dividends. b. net income and net loss. c. some disposals of treasury stock below cost. d. sales of treasury stock above cost. 14 -31 SO 2 Identify the items reported in a retained earnings statement.

Statement Presentation and Analysis Stockholders’ Equity Presentation Illustration 14 -15 14 -32 SO 3

Statement Presentation and Analysis Stockholders’ Equity Analysis Return on Common Stockholders’ Equity = Net Income Available to Common Stockholders Average Common Stockholders’ Equity Ratio shows how many dollars of net income the company earned for each dollar invested by the stockholders. 14 -33 SO 3 Prepare and analyze a comprehensive stockholders’ equity section.

Statement Presentation and Analysis Income Statement Presentation 14 -34 Illustration 14 -17 SO 4 Describe the form and content of corporation income statements.

Statement Presentation and Analysis Income Statement Analysis Earnings Per Share = Net Income minus Preferred Dividends Weighted-Average Common Shares Outstanding Ratio indicates the net income earned by each share of outstanding common stock. 14 -35 SO 5 Compute Earnings Per Share.

Statement Presentation and Analysis Question The income statement for Nadeen, Inc. shows income before income taxes $700, 000, income tax expense $210, 000, and net income $490, 000. If Nadeen has 100, 000 shares of common stock outstanding throughout the year, earnings per share is: a. $7. 00. b. $4. 90. ($490, 000 / 100, 000 = $4. 90) c. $2. 10. d. No correct answer is given. 14 -36 SO 5 Compute Earnings Per Share.

Key Points 14 -37 u The term reserves is used in IFRS to indicate all non– contributed (non–paid-in capital). Reserves include retained earnings and other comprehensive income items, such as revaluation surplus and unrealized gains or losses on availablefor sale securities. u IFRS often uses terms such as retained profits or accumulated profit or loss to describe retained earnings. The term retained earnings is also often used.

Key Points 14 -38 u The accounting related to prior period adjustment is essentially the same under IFRS and GAAP. One area where IFRS and GAAP differ in reporting relates to error corrections in previously issued financial statements. While IFRS requires restatement with some exceptions, GAAP does not permit any exceptions. u The stockholders’ equity section is essentially the same under IFRS and GAAP. However, terminology used to describe certain components is often different. u Equity is given various descriptions under IFRS, such as shareholder’s equity, owners’ equity, capital and reserves, and shareholders’ funds.

Key Points 14 -39 u The income statement using IFRS is called the statement of comprehensive income. A statement of comprehensive income is presented in a one- or two-statement format. The singlestatement approach includes all items of income and expense, as well as each component of other comprehensive income or loss by its individual characteristic. In the two-statement approach, a traditional income statement is prepared. It is then followed by a statement of comprehensive income, which starts with net income or loss and then adds other comprehensive income or loss items. u The computations related to earnings per share essentially the same under IFRS and GAAP.

Looking into the Future The IASB and the FASB are currently working on a project related to financial statement presentation. An important part of this study is to determine whether certain line items, subtotals, and totals should be clearly defined and required to be displayed in the financial statements. For example, it is likely that the statement of stockholders’ equity and its presentation will be examined closely. 14 -40

IFRS Self-Test Questions The basic accounting for cash dividends and stock dividends: a) is different under IFRS versus GAAP. b) is the same under IFRS and GAAP. c) differs only for the accounting for cash dividends between GAAP and IFRS. d) differs only for the accounting for stock dividends between GAAP and IFRS. 14 -41

IFRS Self-Test Questions Which item in not considered part of reserves? a) Unrealized loss on available-for-sale investments. b) Revaluation surplus. c) Retained earnings. d) Issued shares. 14 -42

IFRS Self-Test Questions Under IFRS, a statement of comprehensive income must include: a) accounts payable. b) retained earnings. c) income tax expense. d) preference stock. 14 -43

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