12 1 Kinesiology for Manual Therapies Chapter 12

12 -1 Kinesiology for Manual Therapies Chapter 12 Concepts of Muscular Analysis and Clinical Flexibility of the Upper Extremities Mc. Graw-Hill © 2011 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

12 -2 Learning Outcomes 12 -1 Analyze sports skills in terms of phases and the various joint movements occurring in those phases. o 12 -2 Compare various conditioning principles and apply them to strengthening major muscle groups. o Mc. Graw-Hill © 2011 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

12 -3 Learning Outcomes (cont. ) 12 -3 Demonstrate specific clinical flexibility and strengthening exercises for the upper extremity. ¡ 12 -4 Explain the concept of an open versus closed kinetic chain. ¡ 12 -5 Recognize the actions of individual muscles that produce certain joint movements. ¡ Mc. Graw-Hill © 2011 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

12 -4 Learning Outcomes (cont. ) 12 -6 Describe specific exercises that increase the strength of individual muscle groups. ¡ 12 -7 Discuss the concepts of analyzing and prescribing exercises to strengthen major muscle groups. ¡ Mc. Graw-Hill © 2011 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

12 -5 Introduction Flexibility and strength in the upper extremity are essential for improved appearance, posture, and for efficient skill performance. ¡ The analysis of activities is not difficult once the basic concepts are understood. ¡ Mc. Graw-Hill © 2011 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

12 -6 Upper-Extremity Activities Weakness in the upper extremity can impair skill development and performance in many common sports. ¡ Adequate skill development should be built on muscular strength and endurance to prevent injury. ¡ Mc. Graw-Hill © 2011 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

12 -7 Upper-Extremity Activities (cont. ) Clinicians must be able to analyze specific strengthening and stretching exercises to determine the muscles involved, overall balance, and to develop appropriate exercise routines. ¡ Mc. Graw-Hill © 2011 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

12 -8 Concepts for Analysis Muscles are grouped according to their concentric function and they work in paired opposition to an antagonistic group. ¡ Muscle groups can function to control the antagonistic action by contracting eccentrically. ¡ Mc. Graw-Hill © 2011 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

12 -9 Concepts for Analysis (cont. ) Exercise professionals should be able to view an activity and determine which muscles are performing the movement, which type of contraction is occurring, and what exercises are appropriate for developing muscles. ¡ Mc. Graw-Hill © 2011 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

12 -10 Analysis of Movement The stance phase allows the athlete to assume a balanced body position from which to initiate the sport skill. ¡ The preparatory phase or wind-up phase is used to lengthen the appropriate muscles to generate force and momentum. ¡ Mc. Graw-Hill © 2011 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

12 -11 Analysis of Movement (cont. ) The movement phase or acceleration phase is the action part of the skill. ¡ The follow-through phase begins immediately after the climax of the movement phase. ¡ Mc. Graw-Hill © 2011 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

12 -12 Analysis of Movement (cont. ) The recovery phase is used after follow -through to regain balance and body positioning. ¡ Mc. Graw-Hill © 2011 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

12 -13 Analysis of Movement (cont. ) Mc. Graw-Hill © 2011 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

12 -14 The Kinetic Chain Concept The extremities consist of several bony segments linked by a series of joints. ¡ Movement depending on whether it is open and not attached or closed and secured may not or may affect the entire kinetic chain. ¡ Mc. Graw-Hill © 2011 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

12 -15 The Kinetic Chain Concept (cont. ) If the distal end of the extremity is not fixed to a surface, it is an open kinetic chain. ¡ If the distal end of the extremity it fixed, it represents a closed kinetic chain. ¡ Mc. Graw-Hill © 2011 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

12 -16 The Kinetic Chain Concept (cont. ) Mc. Graw-Hill © 2011 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

12 -17 The Kinetic Chain Concept (cont. ) Mc. Graw-Hill © 2011 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

12 -18 Conditioning Considerations The Overload Principle states that within appropriate parameters, a muscle group increases in strength in direct proportion to the overload place on it. ¡ Overload may be modified by changing one or a combination of frequency, intensity, and duration. ¡ Mc. Graw-Hill © 2011 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

12 -19 Conditioning Considerations (cont. ) Frequency is the number of times per week. ¡ Intensity is usually a certain percentage of the absolute maximum. ¡ Duration is usually the number of minutes per exercise bout. ¡ Mc. Graw-Hill © 2011 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

12 -20 Conditioning Considerations (cont. ) The intentional variance in a training program at regular intervals is known as periodization and it is done to bring about optimal gains in physical performance. ¡ Mc. Graw-Hill © 2011 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

12 -21 Conditioning Considerations (cont. ) The SAID principle or specific adaptations to imposed demands states that the body will gradually, over time, adapt very specifically to the various stresses and overloads placed on it. ¡ Exercise programs must be specifically designed for the adaptation desired. ¡ Mc. Graw-Hill © 2011 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

12 -22 Conditioning Considerations (cont. ) Specificity is a concentrated approach in a specific area of focus. ¡ Individuals specific needs must be addressed when therapist is designing an exercise program. ¡ Mc. Graw-Hill © 2011 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

12 -23 Conditioning Considerations (cont. ) Adequate muscular strength, endurance, and flexibility of the entire body should be developed through the correct use of the appropriate exercise principles. ¡ Mc. Graw-Hill © 2011 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

12 -24 Conditioning Considerations (cont. ) Every clinician should reinforce the importance of breathing during exercise. ¡ During exertion, all air should be exhaled by contracting the abdominal muscles. ¡ Bad habits of holding breath while exercising should be avoided. ¡ Mc. Graw-Hill © 2011 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

12 -25 Analysis of Clinical Flexibility and Therapeutic Exercise of the Upper Extremity Stretching the Rhomboids – Horizontal Adduction Mc. Graw-Hill © 2011 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

12 -26 Analysis of Clinical Flexibility and Therapeutic Exercise of the Upper Extremity (cont. ) Stretching the Rhomboids – Horizontal Adduction Mc. Graw-Hill © 2011 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

12 -27 Analysis of Clinical Flexibility and Therapeutic Exercise of the Upper Extremity (cont. ) Strengthening the Rhomboids – Scapular Adduction Mc. Graw-Hill © 2011 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

12 -28 Analysis of Clinical Flexibility and Therapeutic Exercise of the Upper Extremity (cont. ) Strengthening the Rhomboids – Scapular Adduction Mc. Graw-Hill © 2011 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

12 -29 Analysis of Clinical Flexibility and Therapeutic Exercise of the Upper Extremity (cont. ) Scapular Adduction Mc. Graw-Hill © 2011 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

12 -30 Analysis of Clinical Flexibility and Therapeutic Exercise of the Upper Extremity (cont. ) Shoulder Hyperextension Mc. Graw-Hill © 2011 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

12 -31 Analysis of Clinical Flexibility and Therapeutic Exercise of the Upper Extremity (cont. ) Shoulder Hyperextension Mc. Graw-Hill © 2011 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

12 -32 Analysis of Clinical Flexibility and Therapeutic Exercise of the Upper Extremity (cont. ) Shoulder Flexion Strengthening Mc. Graw-Hill © 2011 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

12 -33 Analysis of Clinical Flexibility and Therapeutic Exercise of the Upper Extremity (cont. ) Shoulder Flexion Strengthening Mc. Graw-Hill © 2011 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

12 -34 Analysis of Clinical Flexibility and Therapeutic Exercise of the Upper Extremity (cont. ) Thumbs-up Flexion Mc. Graw-Hill © 2011 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

12 -35 Analysis of Clinical Flexibility and Therapeutic Exercise of the Upper Extremity (cont. ) Lateral Cervical Flexion Stretching Mc. Graw-Hill © 2011 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

12 -36 Analysis of Clinical Flexibility and Therapeutic Exercise of the Upper Extremity (cont. ) Lateral Cervical Flexion Stretching Mc. Graw-Hill © 2011 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

12 -37 Analysis of Clinical Flexibility and Therapeutic Exercise of the Upper Extremity (cont. ) Lateral Cervical Flexion Strengthening Mc. Graw-Hill © 2011 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

12 -38 Analysis of Clinical Flexibility and Therapeutic Exercise of the Upper Extremity (cont. ) Lateral Cervical Flexion Strengthening Mc. Graw-Hill © 2011 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

12 -39 Analysis of Clinical Flexibility and Therapeutic Exercise of the Upper Extremity (cont. ) Lateral Cervical Flexion Mc. Graw-Hill © 2011 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

12 -40 Chapter Summary This chapter reviewed upperextremity activities, concepts for analysis, analyzed movement, and explained the kinetic chain concept. ¡ Mc. Graw-Hill © 2011 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

12 -41 Chapter Summary (cont. ) Conditioning considerations for the overload principle, SAID principle, specificity, and breathing were reviewed. ¡ Mc. Graw-Hill © 2011 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

12 -42 Chapter Summary (cont. ) Analysis of Clinical Flexibility and Therapeutic Exercise of the upper extremity explored stretching and strengthening of a variety of muscles. ¡ Mc. Graw-Hill © 2011 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

12 -43 Chapter Review ¡ The Chapter Review is divided into true and false, short answers, and multiple choice questions. ¡ The questions are designed for the students to test their knowledge. Mc. Graw-Hill © 2011 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

12 -44 Explore and Practice Activities in this section are for practice and demonstration. ¡ Field trip activities will help utilize the information in the chapter. ¡ Mc. Graw-Hill © 2011 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved