11 Prisons and Jails Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning

11 Prisons and Jails Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

LEARNING OUTCOMES 1 Contrast the Pennsylvania and the New York penitentiary theories of the 1800 s 2 List and briefly explain the four types of prisons 3 List the factors that have caused the prison population to grow dramatically in the last several decades 4 Describe the arguments for and against private prisons 5 Summarize the distinction between jails and prisons, and indicate the importance of jails in the American correctional system Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. CJ 4 | CH 11 2

LO - 1 Contrast the Pennsylvania and New York penitentiary theories of the 1800 s Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. CJ 4 | CH 11 3

The First Penitentiary • Penitentiary: Correctional facility that emphasizes on separating inmates from society and from each other • Opened in a wing of Philadelphia’s Walnut Street Jail in 1790 • Succumbed due to overcrowding and excessive costs Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. CJ 4 | CH 11 4

The Pennsylvania System and the New York System • The Pennsylvania system • Based on the idea of separate confinement • The New York system • Congregate system: Inmates were kept in separate cells during the night but worked together in the daytime under a code of enforced silence • Called Auburn system Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. CJ 4 | CH 11 5

Medical Model • Held that institutions should offer a variety of programs and therapies to cure inmates of their ills • Focused on identifying and treating the psychological and biological roots of an inmate’s criminal behavior Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. CJ 4 | CH 11 6

Prisons in Modern Society Custodial model • Assumes that prisoners are incarcerated for incapacitation, deterrence, and retribution Rehabilitation model • Stresses on individualized treatment Reintegration model • Prepares inmates for existence in communities Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. CJ 4 | CH 11 7

Figure 11. 3 Organizational Chart for a Typical Correctional Facility Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. CJ 4 | CH 11 8

Factors Necessary for Sound Governance of Correctional Facilities Order • Absence of misconduct Amenities • Comforts that make life livable Services • Programs designed to improve an inmate’s prospects on release Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. CJ 4 | CH 11 9

Classification • Screening each inmate to determine their security and treatment needs • Criteria • Seriousness of the crime committed • Risk of future criminal or violent conduct • Need for treatment and rehabilitation programs • Helps determine the custody level Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. CJ 4 | CH 11 10

LO - 2 List and briefly explain the four types of prisons Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. CJ 4 | CH 11 11

Types of Prisons • Maximum-security prison: Controls and disciplines dangerous felons and prevents escape • Supermax prison: Manages offenders who are a threat to the security and safety of others • Lockdown: Inmates are ordered to their quarters and nonessential prison activities are suspended Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. CJ 4 | CH 11 12

Types of Prisons (Continued) • Medium-security prison: Houses less dangerous inmates • Uses less restrictive measures to prevent violence and escapes • Minimum-security prison: Institution for inmates who pose low security risks • Inmates are given more freedom and contact with the outside world Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. CJ 4 | CH 11 13

LO - 3 List the factors that have cause the prison population to grow dramatically in the last several decades Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. CJ 4 | CH 11 14

Factors in Prison Population Growth Increased probability of incarceration and inmates serving more time Abolished parole Immigration violations Increase in the number of female offenders Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. CJ 4 | CH 11 15

Methods of Decarceration • Decreasing the probability that nonviolent offenders will be sentenced to prison • Increasing the rate of release of nonviolent offenders from prison • Decreasing the rate of imprisonment for probation and parole violators Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. CJ 4 | CH 11 16

Consequences of High Rates of Incarceration • Offenders’ children are at an increased risk of suffering from: • Poverty, depression, and academic problems • Higher levels of juvenile delinquency • Increased incidence of sexually transmitted diseases and teenage pregnancy • Upon release, offenders suffer from a higher rate of physical and mental health problems Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. CJ 4 | CH 11 17

LO - 4 Describe the arguments for and against private prisons Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. CJ 4 | CH 11 18

Private Prison • Correctional facilities operated by private corporations instead of the government • Benefits • Lower levels of labor costs • Competitive bidding at low prices • Reduced paperwork • Opponents are concerned about the lack of safety and the prison being inherently unjust Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. CJ 4 | CH 11 19

LO - 5 Summarize the distinction between jails and prisons, and indicate the importance of jails in the American correctional system Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. CJ 4 | CH 11 20

Figure 11. 5 The Main Differences between Prisons and Jails Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. CJ 4 | CH 11 21

Jail • Used to hold persons awaiting trial and those who have been found guilty of misdemeanors • Operated by the county government • Time served: Period of time a person denied bail has spent in jail prior to his/her trial Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. CJ 4 | CH 11 22

Jail Population • Pretrial detainees • Individuals who cannot post bail after arrest and are forced to spend the time in jail • Sentenced jail inmates • Probation and parole violators • Mentally ill and juveniles • Awaiting transfer to juvenile authorities • Immigration law violators Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. CJ 4 | CH 11 23

New Generation Jails • Encourage interaction between inmates and jailers • Offer greater opportunities for treatment • Follow the direct supervision approach • Direct supervision approach: Correctional officers are in continuous visual contact with inmates during the day Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. CJ 4 | CH 11 24

Careers in Criminal Justice: Warden • Job description • Oversee custody, feeding, clothing, housing, care, treatment, discipline, training, employment, and rehabilitation of inmates • Provide institutional staff with effective communications, training, and leadership • Training requirement • A bachelor’s degree in criminal justice or a related field • Prior work experience at a correctional institution • Annual salary range - $38, 000 -$100, 000 Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. CJ 4 | CH 11 25

Careers in Criminal Justice: Deputy Sheriff/Jail Division • Job description • Supervise jail inmates • Escort inmates from jail to courtrooms, attorneys’ offices, medical facilities or • Training requirement • A high school diploma or bachelor’s degree • Completion of written and physical examinations, training, and a probationary period • Completion of a jail academy training course • Annual salary range - $44, 000 -$70, 000 Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. CJ 4 | CH 11 26

KEY TERMS • • • Penitentiary Separate confinement Congregate system Medical model Warden Classification Custody level Maximum-security prison Supermax prison Lockdown Fee system • • New-generation jail Direct supervision approach Medium-security prison Minimum-security prison Private prisons Jail Pretrial detainees Time served Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. CJ 4 | CH 11 27

SUMMARY • Correctional facilities operate at minimum, medium, maximum or supermaximum security levels • Increase in federal drug offenders, abolished parole, immigration violations, and increase in female offenders have caused the prison population to grow dramatically • A jail is authorized to hold pretrial detainees and offenders Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. CJ 4 | CH 11 28

Copyright © 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. CJ 4 | CH 11 29