11 Muscles of the Body Power Point Lecture

Muscles of the Body Repitition Repitition………………. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

I. Arrangement of Fascicles in Muscles A. Convergent - origin of the muscle is broad B. Parallel - fascicles run parallel to the long axis of the muscle C. Unipennate - fascicles insert into one side of the tendon D. Bipennate - fascicles insert into the tendon from both sides E. Multipennate - fascicles insert into large tendon from all sides F. Circular - Fascicles are arranged in concentric rings © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Circular (orbicularis oris) Convergent (pectoralis major) Fusiform (biceps brachii) (a) (b) (c) Parallel (sartorius) (d) (e) Unipennate (extensor digitorum longus) (f) (g) Multipennate (deltoid) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Bipennate (rectus femoris)

II. Muscle Actions and Interactions A. Agonist (or a prime mover) ► Has major responsibility for a certain movement B. Antagonist ► Opposes or reverses a movement C. Synergist ► helps the prime mover by adding extra force ► and reducing undesirable movements D. Fixator ► A type of synergist that holds a bone firmly in place © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

III. Muscle Compartments of the Limbs A. Dense fibrous connective tissue divides limb muscles (leg and arm) into compartments B. Muscles in the same compartment have similar actions C. Muscles in the opposing compartment are antagonists D. Each compartment is innervated by a single nerve Example: muscles of the forearm anterior compartment ► flexors of the wrist posterior compartment ► extensors of the wrist © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Extensors Flexors (b) Posterolateral compartment Extensors Ulna Radius Flexors Anteromedial compartment © 2014 Pearson

Repitition Repitition………………. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Facial Epicranius, frontal belly Orbicularis oculi Zygomaticus Shoulder Head Temporalis Masseter Orbicularis oris Trapezius Deltoid Arm Triceps brachii Brachialis Neck Platysma Sternohyoid Sternocleidomastoid Thorax Pectoralis minor Pectoralis major Serratus anterior Intercostals Forearm Pronator teres Brachioradialis Flexor carpi radialis Palmaris longus Abdomen Rectus abdominis External oblique Internal oblique Transversus abdominis Pelvis/thigh Iliopsoas Thigh Tensor fasciae latae Pectineus Sartorius Adductor longus Thigh Rectus femoris Vastus lateralis Vastus medialis Leg Fibularis longus Extensor digitorum longus Tibialis anterior Gracilis Leg Gastrocnemius Soleus © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Neck Epicranius, occipital belly Splenius capitis Splenius cervicis Levator scapulae Rhomboid minor Rhomboid major Arm Triceps brachii Brachialis Forearm Brachioradialis Extensor carpi radialis longus Flexor carpi ulnaris Extensor digitorum Sternocleidomastoid Trapezius Shoulder Deltoid Infraspinatus Teres major Rhomboid major Triangle of auscultation Latissimus dorsi Hip Gluteus medius Gluteus maximus Iliotibial tract Leg Gastrocnemius Soleus Fibularis longus Calcaneal (Achilles) tendon © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Thigh Adductor magnus Gracilis Hamstrings: Biceps femoris Semitendinosus Semimembranosus

Naming of Muscles © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Naming the Skeletal Muscles ► Location Example: the brachialis is located on the arm ► Shape Example: the deltoid is triangular ► Relative size – Maximus vs. minimus; longus vs. brevis Example: gluteus maximus and gluteus minimus © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

► Direction of muscle fibers rectus = parallel oblique = angle Example: rectus abdominis; external oblique ► Location of attachments—point of origin and insertion Brachi = arm (humerus) radialis = radius Example: brachioradialis © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

► Number of origins Two, three, or four “heads” Example: biceps, triceps, and quadriceps ► Action The action is part of the muscle’s name Example: Flexor radialis and adductor longus © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Muscles of the Head © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Frontal Occipital Temporalis Masseter Sternocleidomastoid Trapezius Splenius capitis © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Orbicularis oculi Levator labii superioris Zygomaticus minor and major Buccinator Risorius © 2014 Pearson

Orbicularis oris Mentalis Depressor labii inferioris Depressor anguli oris Platysma © 2014 Pearson Education,

Frontal Occipital Orbicularis oculi Levator labii superioris Temporalis Zygomaticus minor and major Buccinator Risorius Orbicularis oris Mentalis Depressor labii inferioris Depressor anguli oris Platysma © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Masseter Sternocleidomastoid Trapezius Splenius capitis

Temporalis Orbicularis oris Buccinator © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Masseter

Muscles of Mastication and Tongue Movement © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Styloid process Tongue Styloglossus Stylohyoid Hyoid bone Thyrohyoid © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Muscles of Anterior Neck and Throat © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Mylohyoid Stylohyoid Hyoid bone Omohyoid (superior belly) Sternohyoid Sternocleidomastoid Omohyoid (inferior belly) © 2014

Anterior belly Posterior belly Digastric Stylohyoid (cut) Thyrohyoid Thyroid cartilage of the larynx Thyroid

Mylohyoid Stylohyoid Hyoid bone Omohyoid (superior belly) Sternohyoid Sternocleidomastoid Omohyoid (inferior belly) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Anterior belly Posterior belly Digastric Stylohyoid (cut) Thyrohyoid Thyroid cartilage of the larynx Thyroid gland Sternothyroid

Muscles of Anterior Neck Platysma (cut and reflected) Mylohyoid Stylohyoid Hyoid bone Thyrohyoid Omohyoid Superior belly Inferior belly Sternothyroid Sternohyoid © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Anterior belly Posterior belly Digastric Thyroid cartilage of the larynx Sternocleidomastoid Thyroid gland

Muscles of Head Movement © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

1 st cervical vertebra Mastoid process Middle scalene Sternocleidomastoid Anterior scalene Posterior scalene Anterior

Mastoid process Splenius capitis Splenius cervicis Posterior © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Posterior © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Muscles of Neck and Vertebral Column © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Mastoid process of temporal bone Longissimus capitis Iliocostalis cervicis Longissimus cervicis Iliocostalis thoracis Longissimus

Erector spinae Iliocostalis Longissimus Spinalis Iliocostalis lumborum External oblique © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Ligamentum nuchae Semispinalis capitis Semispinalis cervicis Semispinalis thoracis Quadratus lumborum © 2014 Pearson Education,

Mastoid process of temporal bone Longissimus capitis Iliocostalis cervicis Longissimus cervicis Iliocostalis thoracis Longissimus thoracis Erector spinae Ligamentum nuchae Semispinalis capitis Semispinalis cervicis Semispinalis thoracis Iliocostalis Longissimus Spinalis Iliocostalis lumborum External oblique © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Quadratus lumborum

Muscles of Breathing © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

External intercostal Internal intercostal © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Foramen for inferior vena cava Xiphoid process of sternum Foramen for esophagus Costal cartilage

Muscles of Abdominal Wall © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Serratus anterior Transversus abdominis Internal oblique External oblique Aponeurosis © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Pectoralis major Linea alba Rectus abdominis Inguinal ligament © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Pectoralis major Serratus anterior Linea alba Transversus abdominis Internal oblique Rectus abdominis External oblique

External oblique Rectus abdominis Internal oblique Transversus abdominis © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Superficial Muscles of the Anterior Thorax © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Sternocleidomastoid Deltoid Pectoralis major Sternum Biceps brachii © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Subclavius Clavicle Subscapularis Pectoralis minor Coracobrachialis Serratus anterior Humerus © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Sternocleidomastoid Subclavius Clavicle Deltoid Subscapularis Pectoralis minor Pectoralis major Sternum Biceps brachii © 2014

Superficial Muscles of the Posterior Thorax © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Trapezius Deltoid Rhomboid minor Rhomboid major Latissimus dorsi © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Levator scapulae Supraspinatus Clavicle Spine of scapula Infraspinatus Teres minor Teres major Humerus ©

Levator scapulae Trapezius Deltoid Rhomboid minor Rhomboid major Supraspinatus Clavicle Spine of scapula Infraspinatus

Superficial Muscles of the Back Superficial muscles Trapezius Deltoid Teres major Triangle of auscultation Latissimus dorsi © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Deeper muscles Levator scapulae Supraspinatus Rhomboid minor Spine of scapula Teres minor Infraspinatus Rhomboid major

Muscles of the Shoulder and Upper Arm © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Clavicle Deltoid Sternum Pectoralis major Coracobrachialis © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Anterior view

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Anterior view

Lateral head Triceps brachii Long head Medial head Biceps brachii Brachialis Brachioradialis © 2014

Clavicle Deltoid Sternum Pectoralis major Coracobrachialis Lateral head Triceps brachii Long head Medial head

Deltoid muscle Humerus © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Muscles Crossing the Shoulder and Elbow Joint © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Supraspinatus Deltoid (cut) Infraspinatus Teres minor Teres major © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Posterior

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Posterior view

Triceps brachii Lateral head Long head Latissimus dorsi Anconeus © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Supraspinatus Deltoid (cut) Infraspinatus Teres minor Teres major Triceps brachii Lateral head Long head

Muscles of the Forearm © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Movements of the wrist, hand, and fingers anteriomedial compartment ► flexors and pronators ► flexors mainly originate from medial epicondyle of humerus ► mostly named by origin/insertion e. g. flexor digitorum posterolateral compartment ► extensors and supinator ► extensors mainly originate from lateral epicondyle of humerus ► mostly named by origin/insertion e. g. extensor carpiradialis © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Superficial Muscles of Anterior Forearm ► Flexor digitorum superficialis (alone) ------------------------ulna ► Flexor carpi ulnaris ► Palmaris longus ► Flexor carpi radialis ► Pronator teres ► Brachioradialis radius © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

SUPERFICIAL Muscles of right anterior forearm - supinated Palmar aponeurosis Flexor retinaculum Flexor digitorum superficialis Flexor carpi ulnaris Palmaris longus Flexor carpi radialis Pronator teres Brachioradialis Medial epicondyle of humerus © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

SUPERFICIAL Muscles of right anterior forearm - supinated © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Deeper Muscles of Anterior Forearm ulna ► Pronator quadratus ► Flexor digitorum superficialis ► Flexor pollicis longus ► Extensor carpi radialis longus radius -------------------------------- ► Supinator © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

DEEPER Muscles of right anterior forearm - supinated Pronator quadratus Flexor digitorum superficialis Flexor

DEEPER Muscles of right anterior forearm - supinated © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Deepest Muscle of Anterior Forearm ► Thenar muscles of the pollex (thumb) ► Flexor

DEEPEST Muscles of right anterior forearm - supinated Thenar muscles of thumb Flexor digitorum

DEEPEST Muscles of right anterior forearm - supinated © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Superficial Muscles of Posterior Forearm (NOTE: forearm in pronated position) top ► Extensor pollicis longus ► Abductor pollicis longus ► Extensor digitorum ► Extensor carpi ulnaris ► Extensor carpi radialis brevis ► Anconeus ► Extensor carpi radialis longus bottom © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

SUPERFICIAL Muscles of right posterior forearm - pronated Extensor pollicis longus Abductor pollicis longus Extensor digitorum Extensor carpi ulnaris Extensor carpi radialis brevis Anconeus Extensor carpi radialis longus © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

SUPERFICIAL Muscles of right posterior forearm - pronated © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Deep Muscles of Posterior Forearm (NOTE: forearm in pronated position) radius ► Extensor pollicis brevis ► Extensor pollicis longus ► Extensor indicis ulna --------------------------------------- ► Supinator ► Anconeus © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

DEEP Muscles of right posterior forearm - pronated Extensor pollicis brevis Extensor pollicis longus

DEEP Muscles of right posterior forearm - pronated © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Some Special Muscles of the Hand © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Some Special Muscles of the Hand (NOTE: hand in the anterior position) top ►

Hand muscles - anterior view of right hand. Third lumbrical Fourth lumbrical Abductor digiti

Hand muscles - anterior view of right hand. Superficial layer © 2014 Pearson Education,

Some Special Muscles of the Hand (NOTE: hand in the anterior position) top ► Second lumbrical ► First lumbrical ► Adductor pollicis ► Flexor pollicis brevis ► Abductor pollicis longus bottom © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Hand muscles - anterior view of right hand. Second lumbrical First lumbrical Adductor pollicis Flexor pollicis brevis Abductor pollicis brevis Flexor retinaculum Abductor pollicis longus Superficial layer © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Muscles Crossing Hip and Knee © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Muscles Crossing Hip and Knee top ► Quadratus lumborum ► Psoas minor ► Psoas

Muscles Crossing Hip and Knee Quadratus lumborum Psoas minor Psoas major Iliacus Tensor fasciae

Muscles Crossing Hip and Knee top ► Sartorius (crossing) (The Quadriceps) ► Vastus lateralis

Muscles Crossing Hip and Knee Sartorius Vastus lateralis Rectus femoris Vastus intermedius (below) Vastus

Muscles Crossing Hip and Knee top ► Pectineus ► Adductor longus ► Gracilis ►

Muscles Crossing Hip and Knee Pectineus Adductor longus Gracilis Adductor magnus Patellar ligament ©

Muscles Crossing Hip and Knee Quadratus lumborum Psoas minor Psoas major Iliacus Tensor fasciae latae Pectineus Sartorius Vastus lateralis Rectus femoris Vastus intermedius (below) Vastus medialis Adductor longus Gracilis Adductor magnus Tendon of quadriceps femoris Patellar ligament © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Posterior Muscles of Hip and Thigh © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Muscles Crossing Hip and Knee top ► Adductor magnus ► Gracilis ► Semimembranosus ►

Posterior muscles of the right hip and thigh. Adductor magnus Gracilis Semimembranosus Semitendinosus ©

Posterior muscles of the right hip and thigh. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Muscles Crossing Hip and Knee top ► Gluteus medius ► Gluteus maximus (gluteus minimus

Posterior muscles of the right hip and thigh. Gluteus medius Gluteus (Gluteus minimus deep)

Posterior muscles of the right hip and thigh. Gluteus medius Gluteus (Gluteus minimus deep) maximus Adductor magnus Gracilis Semimembranosus Semitendinosus © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Iliotibial tract Biceps femoris Long head (short head deep)

Posterior superior iliac spine Iliac crest Safe area in gluteus medius: ventral gluteal site

Inguinal ligament Adductor longus Sartorius Vastus lateralis Lateral thigh site © 2014 Pearson Education,

Muscles of Anterior Compartment of the Leg © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Muscles of Anterior Compartment of Leg top (medial) top ► Fibularis longus Gastrocnemius ► Tibialis anterior Soleus ► Fibularis longus bottom ► Extensor digitorum longus ► Extensor hallucis longus ► Fibularis tertius bottom © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg. Fibularis longus Gastrocnemius Tibialis anterior Fibularis longus Extensor digitorum longus Soleus Extensor hallucis longus Fibularis tertius Superior and inferior extensor retinacula © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg. Superior and inferior extensor retinacula ©

Muscles of Lateral Compartment of the Leg © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Muscles of Lateral Compartment of the Leg posterior ► Gastrocnemius ► Soleus ► Fibularis longus ► Extensor digitorum longus ► Tibialis anterior ► Extensor hallucis longus anterior © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Muscles of lateral compartment of the right leg. Gastrocnemius Soleus Fibularis longus Extensor digitorum

Muscles of lateral compartment of the right leg. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Muscles of Lateral Compartment of the Leg posterior ► Fibularis brevis ► Flexor hallucis

Muscles of lateral compartment of the right leg. Fibularis brevis Flexor hallucis longus ©

Muscles of Posterior Compartment of the Leg © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Muscles of Posterior Compartment of the Leg superficial ► Gastrocnemius deeper ► Plantaris ►

Muscles of the posterior compartment of the right leg. Deep Superficial Plantaris Popliteus Gastrocnemius Medial head Lateral head Soleus Fibularis longus Tendon of gastrocnemius Fibularis brevis Calcaneal tendon © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.