11 1 The Byzantine Empire After Rome split

11. 1 The Byzantine Empire After Rome split, the Eastern Empire, known as Byzantium, flourishes for a thousand years.

OVERVIEW OF The Byzantine Empire • The Byzantine Empire with territory in the Balkans, the Middle East, and the eastern Mediterranean, maintained very high levels of political, economic, and cultural life between 500 and 1450 C. E. • The Byzantine Empire, once part of the greater Roman Empire continued flourishing from an eastern Mediterranean base after Roman decline • The empire continued many Roman patterns and spread its Orthodox Christian civilization through most off eastern Europe.

n n n Germanic invaders pounded the Roman empire in the west Huns – Group of nomadic tribes that pushed through central Europe in the 4 th and 5 th c. instigating the migration of the Germanic tribes into the Roman Empire Most emperors that were conquered moved their empire back in the east Remember……

A New Rome in a New Setting n The Eastern Roman Empire • Roman Empire officially divides into East and West in 395. • Eastern Empire flourishes; becomes known as Byzantium • Justinian becomes emperor of Byzantium in 527. n n His armies re-conquer much of the former Roman territory. Byzantine emperors head state and church, use brutal politics (MUCH LIKE ROME)

Byzantine Empire-(Eastern Roman Empire)

Life in the New Rome n New Laws for the Empire • Justinian seeks to revise and update laws for governing the empire • Justinian Code—new set of laws consisting of four main parts 1. 2. 3. 4. CODE DIGEST INSITUTES NOVELLAE (NEW LAWS) • Code regulates much of Byzantine life; lasts for 900 years.

The Age of Justinian 527 -565 Byzantine empire reached greatest size Wanted to recover what had been lost during the fall of Rome Re-conquered N. Africa, Italy and southern Spain – Victories were temporary • Justinian rebuilt Constantinople in classical style; among the architectural achievements was the huge church of Hagia Sophia

The Height of the Byzantine Empire

JUSTINIAN’s MAIN GOAL n Creating the Imperial Capital • Justinian launches a program to beautify the capital, Constantinople. • Constructs new buildings; builds magnificent church, Hagia Sophia. • Byzantines preserve Greco-Roman culture and learning.

HAGIA SOPHIA

Constantine’s Hectic Pace • City becomes trading hub with major marketplace. • Giant Hippodrome offers chariot races and other entertainment. • Racing fans start riots in 532; the government restores order violently. • Empress Theodora is the powerful wife and adviser to Justinian.

The Church Divides n A Religious Split • Christianity develops differently in Eastern and Western Roman Empires. • Two churches disagree over many issues, including the use of icons. n Icons are two-dimensional religious images used to aid in prayer. • Leading bishop of Eastern Christianity is known as a Patriarch. • In the West, the pope excommunicates the emperor, banishing him from the church over the iconoclast controversy.

During Middle Ages Dispute over use of icons (Holy Images) contributed to split Byzantine Emperor outlawed prayer to icons Two branches of Christianity grew further apart 1054 provoked a permanent split between Byzantine, Eastern (Greek) Orthodox and Roman Catholic Church Iconoclasm – The breaking of images; religious controversy of the 8 th c. Byzantine emperor attempted, but failed to suppress icon veneration

CHRISTIANS BUT DIFFERENCES DIVIDED!!! ****Divisions in the Church West Pope in Rome Latin Language Most important holy day Christmas East, Constantinople Patriarch in the Byzantine-rejected Pope’s authority Clergy could marry Greek Language Most important holy day Easter

Compare churches…. . • The final break between the two churches occurred in 1054 over arguments about the type of bread used in the mass and the celibacy of priests

The Empire Falls n Years of Turmoil after his death • Justinian dies in 565; the empire faces many crises after his death. (Plague breaks out prior to his death) n Attacks from East and West • Byzantium faces attacks from many different groups. • Empire survives through bribery, diplomacy, and military power. • Constantinople falls in 1453; brings an end to the Byzantine Empire.

• Pope and patriarch excommunicate each other over religious doctrines and disputes over jurisdiction. • Eastern and Western churches officially split in 1054. • West—Roman Catholic Church • East—Orthodox Church

` n Byzantine Missionaries Convert the Slavs • Eastern Orthodox missionaries seek to convert the northern peoples known as the Slavs. • Missionaries create the Cyrillic alphabet —the basis for many Slavic languages. • Alphabet enables many groups to read the Bible, named after Saint Cyril.

11. 2 The Russian Empire Russia grows out of a blending of Slavic and Byzantine cultures and adopts Eastern Orthodox traditions.

Russia’s Birth n Emergence of Russian Culture • Byzantium trades with Slavs—groups living north of the Black Sea. • Eventually Slavic and Greek traditions produce Russian culture. n Geography of Russia • Russian territory: west of Ural Mountains, and Black Sea to Baltic Sea • Forests in north, hilly grasslands in south, three great rivers

Russia’s Birth n Slavs and Vikings • In the 800 s, Vikings settle among Slavs, and move to Kiev • Vikings and Slavs mix cultures and become one.

Russia’s Birth n Kiev Becomes Orthodox • Princess Olga of Kiev visits Constantinople and converts to Christianity • Her grandson, Vladimir, becomes leader of Kiev around 980 • In 989, Vladimir has all Kiev citizens baptized in the Dnieper River • Beliefs and traditions of Orthodox Christianity flourish in Kiev

Kiev’s Power and Decline n Kievan Russia • Vladimir expands Russia into Poland, and north to the Baltic Sea. • Vladimir’s son, Yaroslav the Wise, rules Kiev in 1019. • Forges alliances, creates legal code, and builds churches.

Kiev’s Power and Decline n Kiev’s Decline • Yaroslav divides realm between his sons, which causes a civil war. • Kiev’s commerce in further weakened by the Crusades n The Crusades are a clash between Christians and Muslims over the Holy Land.

The Mongol Invasions n The Mongols • Mongols, nomads from central Asia, begin conquests in the early 1200 s. • Kiev falls in 1240 to Genghis Khan’s grandson, Batu Khan. • Mongols rule much of Russia for the next 200 years.

The Mongol Invasions n Mongol Rule in Russia • Mongols give Russians many freedoms, but demand obedience and tribute. • Russian nobles such as Alexander Nevsky support the Mongols. • Mongol rule isolates Russia from the rest of Europe.

Russia Breaks Free n The Rise of Moscow • Moscow is founded in the 1100 s, located near Russia’s three main rivers. n Moscow’s Powerful Princes • Moscow's princes grow strong under Mongol rule throughout the 1300 s.

Russia Breaks Free n An Empire Emerges • Late in the 1400, Ivan III becomes prince of Moscow and challenges Mongol rule. • He takes the name “czar, ” Russian for “Caesar, ” and vows to restore Russia. • Russian and Mongol armies face off at Ugra River in 1480. • Both armies retreat and Russia gains freedom from Mongol rule.