11 1 Refraction of Light Refraction Refraction the

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11. 1 Refraction of Light

11. 1 Refraction of Light

Refraction §Refraction - the bending of light as it travels, at an angle, from

Refraction §Refraction - the bending of light as it travels, at an angle, from a material with one refractive index to a material with a different refractive index

Fermat’s Principle § Fermat’s Principle – 1 medium = straight line Example: When light

Fermat’s Principle § Fermat’s Principle – 1 medium = straight line Example: When light travels from one point to another, it follows the path that will take the least time. More than 1 medium = bending Example:

Marching Band Analogy Why does light refract? § the marching band marches from an

Marching Band Analogy Why does light refract? § the marching band marches from an area of firm § ground to mud when one end of the band slows down, the direction of travel of the entire band changes

Refraction and Rays refracted ray § the ray that is bent upon entering a

Refraction and Rays refracted ray § the ray that is bent upon entering a second medium angle of refraction (R) § the angle between the normal and a refracted ray

Direction of the Refracted Ray § when a light ray travels from a medium

Direction of the Refracted Ray § when a light ray travels from a medium in which its speed is faster (air) to a medium in which its speed is slower (water) the refracted ray bends toward the normal fast to slow – towards the normal

Direction of the Refracted Ray § when a light ray travels from a medium

Direction of the Refracted Ray § when a light ray travels from a medium in which its speed is slower to a medium in which its speed is faster, the refracted ray bends away from the normal slow to fast – away from the normal

Summary: Direction of Refraction FAST to SLOW to FAST towards the normal away from

Summary: Direction of Refraction FAST to SLOW to FAST towards the normal away from the normal Example: Air to Water to Air

Dispersion § the process of separating colours by refraction § white light (all wavelengths

Dispersion § the process of separating colours by refraction § white light (all wavelengths of visible light) refract twice: 1. when it enters the prism 2. when it leaves the prism (separates into a spectrum of colours)

Dispersion § each colour of light travels at a slightly different speed § only

Dispersion § each colour of light travels at a slightly different speed § only in a vacuum (space with no matter) do all colours travel at § the same speed: 3. 00 x 108 m/s e. g. blue light bends more than red light (blue light travels slower than red light) Roy G. Biv

How much of the light refracts? § speed of light in a vacuum is

How much of the light refracts? § speed of light in a vacuum is 3. 00 x 108 m/s § the speed of light in any other medium is less than that e. g. the speed of light in water is 2. 26 x 108 m/s

Index of Refraction § the ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum

Index of Refraction § the ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to the speed of light in a given medium § the index of refraction is always greater than 1 § as the speed of light decreases due to the medium, the index of refraction increases

Formula Manipulation C V n C=nx. V n= C V V= C n

Formula Manipulation C V n C=nx. V n= C V V= C n

Table 11. 1 Indices Pg. 454 Substance Index of Refraction (n) Vacuum Substance 1.

Table 11. 1 Indices Pg. 454 Substance Index of Refraction (n) Vacuum Substance 1. 000 00 Gases at 0 C and 101. 3 k. Pa Index of Refraction (n) Solids at 20 C Quartz (fused) 1. 46 Hydrogen 1. 000 14 Plexiglas 1. 51 Oxygen 1. 000 27 Glass (crown) 1. 52 Air 1. 000 29 Sodium chloride 1. 54 Carbon dioxide 1. 000 45 Glass (crystal) 1. 54 Ruby 1. 54 Liquids at 20 C Water 1. 333 Glass (flint) 1. 65 Ethyl alcohol 1. 362 Zircon 1. 92 Glycerol 1. 470 Diamond 2. 42 Carbon disulfide 1. 632

Sample Problem Calculate the speed of light in fused quartz. The index of refraction

Sample Problem Calculate the speed of light in fused quartz. The index of refraction for fused quartz is 1. 46. Equation n = c v n = index of refraction c = speed of light in a vacuum v = speed of light in a medium Rearrange the equation!!! Given n = 1. 46 c = 3. 00 x 108 m/s v=? v = c n v = 3. 00 x 108 m/s 1. 46 v = 2. 05 x 108 m/s The speed of light in fused quartz is 2. 05 x 108 m/s

Homework § Read Section 11. 1 on Pg. 449 -455 § Complete “Practice Problems”

Homework § Read Section 11. 1 on Pg. 449 -455 § Complete “Practice Problems” Pg. 455 # 1 -4 § Complete “Section 11. 1 Review” Pg. 456 # 1 -5

Things you need for this lesson … Demonstration # 1: § Ray box §

Things you need for this lesson … Demonstration # 1: § Ray box § 1 beaker + water (Fermat’s Principle) Demonstration # 2: § 1 beaker + v. oil + water + pencil (n =C/V) (different n’s) Demonstration # 3: § 1 beaker v. oil + 2 test tubes (same n = 1. 47)