11 1 Chapter 11 Corporations Organization Stock Transactions

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Chapter 11 Corporations: Organization, Stock Transactions, Dividends, and Retained Earnings Learning Objectives After studying this chapter, you should be able to: 11 -2 1. Identify the major characteristics of a corporation. 2. Record the issuance of common stock. 3. Explain the accounting for treasury stock. 4. Differentiate preferred stock from common stock. 5. Prepare the entries for cash dividends and stock dividends. 6. Identify the items reported in a retained earnings statement. 7. Prepare and analyze a comprehensive stockholders’ equity section.

Preview of Chapter 11 Financial and Managerial Accounting Weygandt Kimmel Kieso 11 -3

The Corporate Form of Organization An entity separate and distinct from its owners. Classified by Purpose u Not-for-Profit u Publicly held u For Profit u Privately held Salvation Army ► American Cancer Society ► 11 -4 Classified by Ownership Mc. Donald’s ► Nike ► Pepsi. Co ► Google ► ► Cargill Inc. LO 1 Identify the major characteristics of a corporation.

Characteristics of a Organization Characteristics that distinguish corporations from proprietorships and partnerships. 11 -5 u Separate Legal Existence u Limited Liability of Stockholders u Transferable Ownership Rights u Ability to Acquire Capital u Continuous Life u Government Regulations u Additional Taxes u Corporate Management Advantages Disadvantages LO 1 Identify the major characteristics of a corporation.

Characteristics of a Organization Characteristics that distinguish corporations from proprietorships and partnerships. 11 -6 u Separate Legal Existence u Limited Liability of Stockholders u Transferable Ownership Rights u Ability to Acquire Capital u Continuous Life u Government Regulations u Additional Taxes u Corporate Management Corporation acts under its own name rather than in the name of its stockholders. LO 1 Identify the major characteristics of a corporation.

Characteristics of a Organization Characteristics that distinguish corporations from proprietorships and partnerships. 11 -7 u Separate Legal Existence u Limited Liability of Stockholders u Transferable Ownership Rights u Ability to Acquire Capital u Continuous Life u Government Regulations u Additional Taxes u Corporate Management Limited to their investment. LO 1 Identify the major characteristics of a corporation.

Characteristics of a Organization Characteristics that distinguish corporations from proprietorships and partnerships. 11 -8 u Separate Legal Existence u Limited Liability of Stockholders u Transferable Ownership Rights u Ability to Acquire Capital u Continuous Life u Government Regulations u Additional Taxes u Corporate Management Shareholders may sell their stock. LO 1 Identify the major characteristics of a corporation.

Characteristics of a Organization Characteristics that distinguish corporations from proprietorships and partnerships. 11 -9 u Separate Legal Existence u Limited Liability of Stockholders u Transferable Ownership Rights u Ability to Acquire Capital u Continuous Life u Government Regulations u Additional Taxes u Corporate Management Corporation can obtain capital through the issuance of stock. LO 1 Identify the major characteristics of a corporation.

Characteristics of a Organization Characteristics that distinguish corporations from proprietorships and partnerships. 11 -10 u Separate Legal Existence u Limited Liability of Stockholders u Transferable Ownership Rights u Ability to Acquire Capital u Continuous Life u Government Regulations u Additional Taxes u Corporate Management Continuance as a going concern is not affected by the withdrawal, death, or incapacity of a stockholder, employee, or officer. LO 1 Identify the major characteristics of a corporation.

Characteristics of a Organization Characteristics that distinguish corporations from proprietorships and partnerships. 11 -11 u Separate Legal Existence u Limited Liability of Stockholders u Transferable Ownership Rights u Ability to Acquire Capital u Continuous Life u Government Regulations u Additional Taxes u Corporate Management LO 1 Identify the major characteristics of a corporation.

Characteristics of a Organization Characteristics that distinguish corporations from proprietorships and partnerships. 11 -12 u Separate Legal Existence u Limited Liability of Stockholders u Transferable Ownership Rights u Ability to Acquire Capital u Continuous Life u Government Regulations u Additional Taxes u Corporate Management Corporations pay income taxes as a separate legal entity and in addition, stockholders pay taxes on cash dividends. LO 1 Identify the major characteristics of a corporation.

Characteristics of a Organization Characteristics that distinguish corporations from proprietorships and partnerships. 11 -13 u Separate Legal Existence u Limited Liability of Stockholders u Transferable Ownership Rights u Ability to Acquire Capital u Continuous Life u Government Regulations u Additional Taxes u Corporate Management Separation of ownership and management prevents owners from having an active role in managing the company. LO 1 Identify the major characteristics of a corporation.

Characteristics of a Organization Stockholders Illustration 11 -1 Corporation organization chart Chairman and Board of Directors President and Chief Executive Officer General Counsel and Secretary Vice President Finance/Chief Financial Officer Vice President Marketing Treasurer 11 -14 Vice President Operations Vice President Human Resources Controller LO 1 Identify the major characteristics of a corporation.

Forming a Corporation Initial Steps: u Formed by grant of a state charter. u Corporation develops by-laws. Companies generally incorporate in a state whose laws are favorable to the corporate form of business (Delaware, New Jersey). Corporations expense organization costs as incurred. 11 -15 LO 1 Identify the major characteristics of a corporation.

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Ownership Rights of Stockholders have the right to: Illustration 11 -3 1. Vote in election of board of directors and on actions that require stockholder approval. 2. Share the corporate earnings through receipt of dividends. 11 -17 LO 1 Identify the major characteristics of a corporation.

Ownership Rights of Stockholders have the right to: Illustration 11 -3 3. Keep the same percentage ownership when new shares of stock are issued (preemptive right*). * A number of companies have eliminated the preemptive right. 11 -18 LO 1 Identify the major characteristics of a corporation.

Ownership Rights of Stockholders have the right to: Illustration 11 -3 4. Share in assets upon liquidation in proportion to their holdings. This is called a residual claim. 11 -19 LO 1 Identify the major characteristics of a corporation.

Ownership Rights of Stockholders Prenumbered Illustration 11 -4 Class A COMMON STOCK PAR VALUE $1 PER SHARE Name of corporation Stockholder’s name Stock Certificate Shares Signature of corporate official 11 -20 LO 1

Stock Issue Considerations Authorized Stock 11 -21 u Charter indicates the amount of stock that a corporation is authorized to sell. u Number of authorized shares is often reported in the stockholders’ equity section. LO 1 Identify the major characteristics of a corporation.

Stock Issue Considerations Issuance of Stock u Corporation can issue common stock directly to investors or indirectly through an investment banking firm. u Factors in setting price for a new issue of stock: 1. Company’s anticipated future earnings. 2. Expected dividend rate per share. 3. Current financial position. 4. Current state of the economy. 5. Current state of the securities market. 11 -22 LO 1 Identify the major characteristics of a corporation.

Stock Issue Considerations Market Value of Stock 11 -23 u Stock of publicly held companies is traded on organized exchanges. u Interaction between buyers and sellers determines the prices per share. u Prices tend to follow the trend of a company’s earnings and dividends. u Factors beyond a company’s control, may cause day-to-day fluctuations in market prices. LO 1 Identify the major characteristics of a corporation.

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Stock Issue Considerations Par and No-Par Value Stock 11 -25 u Years ago, par value determined the legal capital per share that a company must retain in the business for the protection of corporate creditors. u Today many states do not require a par value. u No-par value stock is quite common today. u In many states the board of directors assigns a stated value to no-par shares. LO 1 Identify the major characteristics of a corporation.

Corporate Capital Common Stock Account Paid-in Capital Preferred Stock Paid-in Capital in Excess of Par Account Two Primary Sources of Equity Retained Earnings Account Paid-in capital is the total amount of cash and other assets paid in to the corporation by stockholders in exchange for capital stock. 11 -26 LO 1 Identify the major characteristics of a corporation.

Corporate Capital Common Stock Account Paid-in Capital Preferred Stock Paid-in Capital in Excess of Par Account Two Primary Sources of Equity Retained Earnings Account Retained earnings is net income that a corporation retains for future use. 11 -27 LO 1 Identify the major characteristics of a corporation.

Corporate Capital Comparison of the owners’ equity (stockholders’ equity) accounts reported on a balance sheet for a proprietorship, and a corporation. Illustration 11 -6 11 -28 LO 1 Identify the major characteristics of a corporation.

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Accounting for Common Stock Issues Primary objectives: 1) Identify the specific sources of paid-in capital. 2) Maintain the distinction between paid-in capital and retained earnings. Other than consideration received, the issuance of common stock affects only paid-in capital accounts. 11 -30 LO 2 Record the issuance of common stock.

Accounting for Common Stock Issues Issuing Par Value Common Stock for Cash Illustration: Assume that Hydro-Slide, Inc. issues 2, 000 shares of $1 par value common stock. Prepare Hydro-Slide’s journal entry if (a) 1, 000 share issued for $1 per share, and (b) 1, 000 shares are issued for $5 per share. a) Cash 1, 000 Common stock (1, 000 x $1) b) 11 -31 Cash 1, 000 5, 000 Common stock (1, 000 x $1) 1, 000 Paid-in capital in excess of par value 4, 000 LO 2 Record the issuance of common stock.

Accounting for Common Stock Issues Illustration 11 -7 11 -32 LO 2 Record the issuance of common stock.

Accounting for Common Stock Issues Issuing No-Par Common Stock for Cash Illustration: Assume that instead of $1 par value stock, Hydro. Slide, Inc. has $5 stated value no-par stock and the company issues 5, 000 shares at $8 per share for cash. Cash 11 -33 40, 000 Common stock 25, 000 Paid-in capital in excess of stated value 15, 000 LO 2 Record the issuance of common stock.

Accounting for Common Stock Issues Issuing No-Par Common Stock for Cash Illustration: What happens when no-par stock does not have a stated value? Cash Common stock 11 -34 40, 000 LO 2 Record the issuance of common stock.

Accounting for Common Stock Issues Issuing Common Stock for Services or Noncash Assets Corporations also may issue stock for: u Services (attorneys or consultants). u Noncash assets (land, buildings, and equipment). Cost is either the fair market value of the consideration given up, or the fair market value of the consideration received, whichever is more clearly determinable. 11 -35 LO 2 Record the issuance of common stock.

Accounting for Common Stock Issues Illustration: Attorneys have helped Jordan Company incorporate. They have billed the company $5, 000 for their services. They agree to accept 4, 000 shares of $1 par value common stock in payment of their bill. At the time of the exchange, there is no established market price for the stock. Prepare the journal entry for this transaction. Organizational expense 11 -36 5, 000 Common stock (4, 000 x $1) 4, 000 Paid-in capital in excess of par 1, 000 LO 2 Record the issuance of common stock.

Accounting for Common Stock Issues Illustration: Athletic Research Inc. is an existing publicly held corporation. Its $5 par value stock is actively traded at $8 per share. The company issues 10, 000 shares of stock to acquire land recently advertised for sale at $90, 000. Prepare the journal entry for this transaction. Land (10, 000 x $8) 11 -37 80, 000 Common stock (10, 000 x $5) 50, 000 Paid-in capital in excess of par 30, 000 LO 2 Record the issuance of common stock.

ANATOMY OF A FRAUD The president, chief operating officer, and chief financial officer of Safe. Net, a software encryption company, were each awarded employee stock options by the company’s board of directors as part of their compensation package. Stock options enable an employee to buy a company’s stock sometime in the future at the price that existed when the stock option was awarded. For example, suppose that you received stock options today, when the stock price of your company was $30. Three years later, if the stock price rose to $100, you could “exercise” your options and buy the stock for $30 per share, thereby making $70 per share. After being awarded their stock options, the three employees changed the award dates in the company’s records to dates in the past, when the company’s stock was trading at historical lows. For example, using the previous example, they would choose a past date when the stock was selling for $10 per share, rather than the $30 price on the actual award date. In our example, this would increase the profit from exercising the options to $90 per share. Total take: $1. 7 million The Missing Control Independent internal verification. The company’s board of directors should have ensured that the awards were properly administered. For example, the date on the minutes from the board meeting could be compared to the dates that were recorded for the awards. In addition, the dates should again be confirmed upon exercise. 11 -38

Accounting for Treasury Stock Common Stock Account Paid-in Capital Preferred Stock Paid-in Capital in Excess of Par Account Two Primary Sources of Equity Retained Earnings Account Less: Treasury Stock Account 11 -39 LO 3 Explain the accounting for treasury stock.

Accounting for Treasury Stock Treasury stock - corporation’s own stock that it has reacquired from shareholders, but not retired. Corporations purchase their outstanding stock: 1. To reissue the shares to officers and employees under bonus and stock compensation plans. 2. To enhance the stock’s market value. 3. To have additional shares available for use in the acquisition of other companies. 4. To increase earnings per share. 11 -40 LO 3 Explain the accounting for treasury stock.

Accounting for Treasury Stock Purchase of Treasury Stock 11 -41 u Debit Treasury Stock for the price paid to reacquire the shares. u Treasury stock is a contra stockholders’ equity account, not an asset. u Purchase of treasury stock reduces stockholders’ equity. LO 3 Explain the accounting for treasury stock.

Accounting for Treasury Stock Illustration 11 -8 Illustration: On February 1, 2014, Mead acquires 4, 000 shares of its stock at $8 per share. Treasury stock (4, 000 x $8) Cash 11 -42 32, 000 LO 3 Explain the accounting for treasury stock.

Accounting for Treasury Stockholders’ Equity with Treasury stock Illustration 11 -9 Both the number of shares issued (100, 000), outstanding (96, 000), and the number of shares held as treasury (4, 000) are disclosed. 11 -43 LO 3 Explain the accounting for treasury stock.

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Accounting for Treasury Stock Disposal of Treasury Stock Sale of Treasury Stock u Above Cost u Below Cost Both increase total assets and stockholders’ equity. 11 -45 LO 3 Explain the accounting for treasury stock.

Accounting for Treasury Stock Above Cost Illustration: On July 1, Mead sells for $10 per share 1, 000 shares of its treasury stock, previously acquired at $8 per share. July 1 Cash 10, 000 Treasury stock 8, 000 Paid-in capital treasury stock 2, 000 A corporation does not realize a gain or suffer a loss from stock transactions with its own stockholders. 11 -46 LO 3 Explain the accounting for treasury stock.

Below Cost Accounting for Treasury Stock Illustration: On Oct. 1, Mead sells an additional 800 shares of treasury stock at $7 per share. Oct. 1 Cash 5, 600 Paid-in capital treasury stock Treasury stock 800 6, 400 Illustration 11 -10 11 -47 LO 3 Explain the accounting for treasury stock.

Accounting for Treasury Stock Below Cost Illustration: On Dec. 1, assume that Mead, Inc. sells its remaining 2, 200 shares at $7 per share. Dec. 1 Cash Paid-in capital treasury stock 1, 200 Retained earnings 1, 000 Treasury stock 11 -48 15, 400 Limited to balance on hand 17, 600 LO 3 Explain the accounting for treasury stock.

Accounting for Preferred Stock Features often associated with preferred stock. 1. Preference as to dividends. 2. Preference as to assets in liquidation. 3. Nonvoting. Accounting for preferred stock at issuance is similar to that for common stock. 11 -49 LO 4 Differentiate preferred stock from common stock.

Accounting for Preferred Stock Illustration: Stine Corporation issues 10, 000 shares of $10 par value preferred stock for $12 cash per share. Journalize the issuance of the preferred stock. Cash 120, 000 Preferred stock (10, 000 x $10) Paid-in capital in excess of par – Preferred stock 100, 000 20, 000 Preferred stock may have a par value or no-par value. 11 -50 LO 4 Differentiate preferred stock from common stock.

Accounting for Preferred Stock Dividend Preferences 11 -51 u Right to receive dividends before common stockholders. u Per share dividend amount is stated as a percentage of the preferred stock’s par value or as a specified amount. u Cumulative dividend – holders of preferred stock must be paid their annual dividend plus any dividends in arrears before common stockholders receive dividends. LO 4 Differentiate preferred stock from common stock.

Accounting for Preferred Stock Cumulative Dividend Illustration: Scientific Leasing has 5, 000 shares of 7%, $100 par value, cumulative preferred stock outstanding. Each $100 share pays a $7 dividend (. 07 x $100). The annual dividend is $35, 000 (5, 000 x $7 per share). If dividends are two years in arrears, preferred stockholders are entitled to receive the following dividends in the current year. 11 -52 LO 4 Differentiate preferred stock from common stock.

Accounting for Preferred Stock Liquidation Preferences u Most preferred stocks have a preference on corporate assets if the corporation fails. 11 -53 u Provides security for the preferred stockholder. u Preference to assets may be for the par value of the shares or for a specified liquidating value. LO 4 Differentiate preferred stock from common stock.

Dividends Distribution of cash or stock to stockholders on a pro rata (proportional) basis. Types of Dividends: 1. Cash dividends. 3. Stock dividends. 2. Property dividends. 4. Scrip. Dividends expressed: (1) as a percentage of the par or stated value, or (2) as a dollar amount per share. 11 -54 LO 5 Prepare the entries for cash dividends and stock dividends.

Dividends Three dates: 11 -55 Illustration 11 -12 LO 5 Prepare the entries for cash dividends and stock dividends.

Dividends Cash Dividends For a corporation to pay a cash dividend, it must have: 1. Retained earnings - Payment of cash dividends from retained earnings is legal in all states. 2. Adequate cash. 3. A declaration of dividends by the Board of Directors. 11 -56 LO 5 Prepare the entries for cash dividends and stock dividends.

Cash Dividends Illustration: On Dec. 1, the directors of Media General declare a 50¢ per share cash dividend on 100, 000 shares of $10 par value common stock. The dividend is payable on Jan. 20 to shareholders of record on Dec. 22. December 1 (Declaration Date) Cash dividends Dividends payable December 22 (Date of Record) 50, 000 No entry January 20 (Payment Date) Dividends payable Cash 11 -57 50, 000 LO 5 Prepare the entries for cash dividends and stock dividends.

Dividends Allocating Cash Dividends Between Preferred and Common Stock Holders of cumulative preferred stock must be paid any unpaid prior-year dividends before common stockholders receive dividends. 11 -58 LO 5 Prepare the entries for cash dividends and stock dividends.

Dividends Illustration: On December 31, 2014, IBR Inc. has 1, 000 shares of 8%, $100 par value cumulative preferred stock. It also has 50, 000 shares of $10 par value common stock outstanding. At December 31, 2014, the directors declare a $6, 000 cash dividend. Prepare the entry to record the declaration of the dividend. Cash dividends 6, 000 Dividends payable 6, 000 Pfd Dividends: 1, 000 shares x $100 par x 8% = $8, 000 11 -59 LO 5 Prepare the entries for cash dividends and stock dividends.

Dividends Illustration: At December 31, 2015, IBR declares a $50, 000 cash dividend. Show the allocation of dividends to each class of stock. $ 50, 000 2, 000 8, 000 ** * $ 40, 000 * 1, 000 shares x $100 par x 8% = $8, 000 ** 2012 Pfd. dividends $8, 000 – declared $6, 000 = $2, 000 11 -60 LO 5 Prepare the entries for cash dividends and stock dividends.

Dividends Illustration: At December 31, 2015, IBR declares a $50, 000 cash dividend. Prepare the entry to record the declaration of the dividend. Cash dividends Dividends payable 11 -61 50, 000 LO 5 Prepare the entries for cash dividends and stock dividends.

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Dividends Stock Dividends Illustration 11 -14 Pro rata distribution of the corporation’s own stock. Results in decrease in retained earnings and increase in paid-in capital. 11 -63 LO 5 Prepare the entries for cash dividends and stock dividends.

Dividends Stock Dividends Reasons why corporations issue stock dividends: 1. Satisfy stockholders’ dividend expectations without spending cash. 2. Increase marketability of the corporation’s stock. 3. Emphasize a portion of stockholders’ equity has been permanently reinvested in the business. 11 -64 LO 5 Prepare the entries for cash dividends and stock dividends.

Dividends Stock Dividends u Small stock dividend (less than 20– 25% of the corporation’s issued stock, recorded at fair market value) * u Large stock dividend (greater than 20– 25% of issued stock, recorded at par value) * Accounting based on the assumption that a small stock dividend will have little effect on the market price of the outstanding shares. 11 -65 LO 5 Prepare the entries for cash dividends and stock dividends.

Dividends Illustration: Medland Corporation has a balance of $300, 000 in retained earnings. It declares a 10% stock dividend on its 50, 000 shares of $10 par value common stock. The current fair market value of its stock is $15 per share. 10% stock dividend is declared Stock dividends (50, 000 x 10% x $15) Common stock dividends distributable Paid-in capital in excess of par value 75, 000 50, 000 25, 000 Stock issued Common stock dividends distributable Common stock (50, 000 x 10% x $1) 11 -66 50, 000 LO 5 Prepare the entries for cash dividends and stock dividends.

Dividends Stockholders’ Equity with Dividends Distributable Illustration 11 -15 Statement presentation of common stock dividends distributable 11 -67 LO 5 Prepare the entries for cash dividends and stock dividends.

Dividends Effects of Stock Dividends Illustration 11 -16 11 -68 LO 5 Prepare the entries for cash dividends and stock dividends.

Dividends Question Which of the following statements about small stock dividends is true? a. A debit to Stock Dividends for the par value of the shares issued should be made. b. A small stock dividend decreases total stockholders’ equity. c. Market value per share should be assigned to the dividend shares. d. A small stock dividend ordinarily will have no effect on book value per share of stock. 11 -69 LO 5 Prepare the entries for cash dividends and stock dividends.

Dividends Question In the stockholders’ equity section, Common Stock Dividends Distributable is reported as a(n): a. deduction from total paid-in capital and retained earnings. b. current liability. c. deduction from retained earnings. d. addition to capital stock. 11 -70 LO 5 Prepare the entries for cash dividends and stock dividends.

Dividends Stock Split 11 -71 u Reduces the market value of shares. u No entry recorded for a stock split. u Decrease par value and increase number of shares. LO 5 Prepare the entries for cash dividends and stock dividends.

Dividends Effects of Stock Splits Illustration 11 -17 11 -72 LO 5 Prepare the entries for cash dividends and stock dividends.

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Retained Earnings u Net income increases Retained Earnings and a net loss decreases Retained Earnings. u Part of the stockholders’ claim on the total assets of the corporation. u Debit balance in Retained Earnings is identified as a deficit. Illustration 11 -20 11 -74 LO 6 Identify the items reported in a retained earnings statement.

Retained Earnings Restrictions can result from: 1. Legal restrictions. 2. Contractual restrictions. 3. Voluntary restrictions. Companies generally disclose retained earnings restrictions in the notes to the financial statements. 11 -75 LO 6 Identify the items reported in a retained earnings statement.

Retained Earnings Prior Period Adjustments u Correction of an error in previously issued financial statements. u Result from: u 11 -76 ► mathematical mistakes. ► mistakes in application of accounting principles. ► oversight or misuse of facts. Adjustment made to the beginning balance of retained earnings. LO 6 Identify the items reported in a retained earnings statement.

Retained Earnings Statement Before issuing the report for the year ended December 31, 2014, you discover a $50, 000 error (net of tax) that caused the 2013 inventory to be overstated (overstated inventory caused COGS to be lower and thus net income to be higher in 2013. Would this discovery have any impact on the reporting of the Statement of Retained Earnings for 2014? 11 -77 LO 6 Identify the items reported in a retained earnings statement.

Retained Earnings Statement 11 -78 LO 6 Identify the items reported in a retained earnings statement.

Retained Earnings Statement Debits and Credits to Retained Earnings Illustration 11 -24 11 -79 LO 6 Identify the items reported in a retained earnings statement.

Retained Earnings Statement Question All but one of the following is reported in a retained earnings statement. The exception is: a. cash and stock dividends. b. net income and net loss. c. some disposals of treasury stock below cost. d. sales of treasury stock above cost. 11 -80 LO 6 Identify the items reported in a retained earnings statement.

Statement Presentation and Analysis Presentation Illustration 11 -26 11 -81 Note R: Retained earnings is restricted for the cost of treasury stock, $80, 000. LO 7

Statement Presentation and Analysis Return on Common Stockholders’ Equity = Net Income Available to Common Stockholders Average Common Stockholders’ Equity Ratio shows how many dollars of net income the company earned for each dollar invested by the stockholders. 11 -82 LO 7 Prepare and analyze a comprehensive stockholders’ equity section.

APPENDIX 11 A STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY STATEMENT Illustration 11 A-1 When a stockholders’ equity statement is presented, a retained earnings statement is not necessary. 11 -83 LO 8 Describe the use and content of the stockholders’ equity statement.

APPENDIX 11 B BOOK VALUE-ANOTHER PER SHARE AMOUNT Book Value per Share The equity a common stockholder has in the net assets of the corporation. Illustration 11 B-1 11 -84 SO 9 Compute book value per share.

APPENDIX 11 B BOOK VALUE-ANOTHER PER SHARE AMOUNT Book Value per Share The computation of book value per share involves the following steps. 1. Compute the preferred stock equity. This equity is equal to the sum of the call price of preferred stock plus any cumulative dividends in arrears. If the preferred stock does not have a call price, the par value of the stock is used. 2. Determine the common stock equity. Subtract the preferred stock equity from total stockholders’ equity. 3. Determine book value per share. Divide common stock equity by shares of common stock outstanding. 11 -85 SO 9 Compute book value per share.

APPENDIX 11 B BOOK VALUE-ANOTHER PER SHARE AMOUNT Illustration: Using the stockholders’ equity section of Graber Inc. shown in Illustration 11 -26. Graber’s preferred stock is callable at $120 per share and is cumulative. Assume that dividends on Graber’s preferred stock were in arrears for one year, $54, 000 (6, 000 $9). The computation of preferred stock equity (Step 1 in the preceding list) is: Illustration 11 B-2 11 -86 SO 9 Compute book value per share.

APPENDIX 11 B BOOK VALUE-ANOTHER PER SHARE AMOUNT Illustration 11 B-2 Computation of book value: 11 -87 Illustration 11 B-3 SO 9 Compute book value per share.

APPENDIX 11 B BOOK VALUE-ANOTHER PER SHARE AMOUNT Book Value versus Market Value The correlation between book value and the annual range of a company’s market value per share is often remote. Illustration 11 B-4 11 -88 SO 9 Compute book value per share.

Key Points 11 -89 u Under IFRS, the term reserves is used to describe all equity accounts other than those arising from contributed (paid-in) capital. This would include, for example, reserves related to retained earnings, asset revaluations, and fair value differences. u Many countries have a different mix of investor groups than in the United States. For example, in Germany, financial institutions like banks are not only major creditors of corporations but often are the largest corporate stockholders as well. In the United States, Asia, and the United Kingdom, many companies rely on substantial investment from private investors.

Key Points u 11 -90 There are often terminology differences for equity accounts. The following summarizes some of the common differences in terminology.

Key Points u 11 -91 The accounting for treasury stock differs somewhat between IFRS and GAAP. (However, many of the differences are beyond the scope of this course. ) Like GAAP, IFRS does not allow a company to record gains or losses on purchases of its own shares. One difference worth noting is that, when a company purchases its own shares, IFRS treats it as a reduction of stockholders’ equity, but it does not specify which particular stockholders’ equity accounts are to be affected. Therefore, it could be shown as an increase to a contra equity account (Treasury Stock) or a decrease to retained earnings or share capital.

Key Points 11 -92 u A major difference between IFRS and GAAP relates to the account Revaluation Surplus. Revaluation surplus arises under IFRS because companies are permitted to revalue their property, plant, and equipment to fair value under certain circumstances. This account is part of general reserves under IFRS and is not considered contributed capital. u IFRS often uses terms such as retained profits or accumulated profit or loss to describe retained earnings. The term retained earnings is also often used.

Key Points 11 -93 u The accounting related to prior period adjustments is essentially the same under IFRS and GAAP. One area where IFRS and GAAP differ in reporting relates to error corrections in previously issued financial statements. While IFRS requires restatement with some exceptions, GAAP does not permit any exceptions. u Equity is given various descriptions under IFRS, such as shareholders’ equity, owners’ equity, capital and reserves, and shareholders’ funds.

Key Points 11 -94 u The income statement using IFRS is called the statement of comprehensive income. A statement of comprehensive income is presented in a one- or two-statement format. The single-statement approach includes all items of income and expense, as well as each component of other comprehensive income or loss by its individual characteristic. In the two-statement approach, a traditional income statement is prepared. It is then followed by a statement of comprehensive income, which starts with net income or loss and then adds other comprehensive income or loss items. Regardless of which approach is reported, income tax expense is required to be reported. u The computations related to earnings per share essentially the same under IFRS and GAAP.

Looking to the Future The IASB and the FASB are currently working on a project related to financial statement presentation. An important part of this study is to determine whether certain line items, subtotals, and totals should be clearly defined and required to be displayed in the financial statements. For example, it is likely that the statement of stockholders’ equity and its presentation will be examined closely. Both the IASB and FASB are working toward a convergence of any remaining differences related to earnings per share computations. This convergence will deal with highly technical changes beyond the scope of this textbook. 11 -95

IFRS Self-Test Questions Under IFRS, a purchase by a company of its own shares is recorded by: a) an increase in Treasury Stock. b) a decrease in contributed capital. c) a decrease in share capital. d) All of these are acceptable treatments 11 -96

IFRS Self-Test Questions Which of the following is true? a) In the United States, the primary corporate stockholders are financial institutions. b) Share capital means total assets under IFRS. c) The IASB and FASB are presently studying how financial statement information should be presented. d) The amount to treasury stock is very different between U. S. GAAP and IFRS. 11 -97

IFRS Self-Test Questions Under IFRS, the amount of capital received in excess of par value would be credited to: a) Retained Earnings. b) Contributed Capital. c) Share Premium. d) Par value is not used under IFRS. 11 -98

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