10 m Human height Length of some nerve

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10 m Human height Length of some nerve and muscle cells 0. 1 m

10 m Human height Length of some nerve and muscle cells 0. 1 m Chicken egg 1 cm 100 µm 10 µm Most plant and animal cells Nucleus Most bacteria 1 µm 100 nm 1 nm 0. 1 nm Mitochondrion Smallest bacteria Viruses Ribosomes Proteins Electron microscope Frog egg Light microscope 1 mm Unaided eye 1 m Lipids Small molecules Atoms 1

Fimbriae Nucleoid Ribosomes Plasma membrane Bacterial chromosome (a) A typical rod-shaped bacterium Cell wall

Fimbriae Nucleoid Ribosomes Plasma membrane Bacterial chromosome (a) A typical rod-shaped bacterium Cell wall Capsule Flagella 0. 5 µm (b) A thin section through the bacterium Bacillus coagulans (TEM) 2

Outside of cell Inside of cell 0. 1 µm (a) TEM of a plasma

Outside of cell Inside of cell 0. 1 µm (a) TEM of a plasma membrane Carbohydrate side chain Hydrophilic region Hydrophobic region Hydrophilic region Phospholipid Proteins (b) Structure of the plasma membrane 3

Surface area increases while total volume remains constant 5 1 1 Total surface area

Surface area increases while total volume remains constant 5 1 1 Total surface area [Sum of the surface areas (height width) of all boxes sides number of boxes] Total volume [height width length number of boxes] Surface-to-volume (S-to-V) ratio [surface area ÷ volume] 6 150 750 1 125 6 1. 2 6 4

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER) Flagellum Rough ER Smooth ER Nuclear envelope NUCLEUS Nucleolus Chromatin Centrosome

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER) Flagellum Rough ER Smooth ER Nuclear envelope NUCLEUS Nucleolus Chromatin Centrosome Plasma membrane CYTOSKELETON: Microfilaments Intermediate filaments Microtubules Ribosomes Microvilli Golgi apparatus Peroxisome Mitochondrion Lysosome 5

NUCLEUS Nuclear envelope Nucleolus Chromatin Rough endoplasmic reticulum Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Ribosomes Central vacuole

NUCLEUS Nuclear envelope Nucleolus Chromatin Rough endoplasmic reticulum Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Ribosomes Central vacuole Golgi apparatus Microfilaments Intermediate filaments Microtubules CYTOSKELETON Mitochondrion Peroxisome Chloroplast Plasma membrane Cell wall Plasmodesmata Wall of adjacent cell 6

Central vacuole Cytosol Nucleus Central vacuole Cell wall Chloroplast 5 µm 7

Central vacuole Cytosol Nucleus Central vacuole Cell wall Chloroplast 5 µm 7

Nucleus Rough ER Smooth ER cis Golgi trans Golgi Plasma membrane 8

Nucleus Rough ER Smooth ER cis Golgi trans Golgi Plasma membrane 8

Intermembrane space Outer membrane Free ribosomes in the mitochondrial matrix Inner membrane Cristae Matrix

Intermembrane space Outer membrane Free ribosomes in the mitochondrial matrix Inner membrane Cristae Matrix 0. 1 µm 9

Ribosomes Stroma Inner and outer membranes Granum Thylakoid 1 µm 10

Ribosomes Stroma Inner and outer membranes Granum Thylakoid 1 µm 10

Direction of swimming (a) Motion of flagella 5 µm Direction of organism’s movement Power

Direction of swimming (a) Motion of flagella 5 µm Direction of organism’s movement Power stroke Recovery stroke (b) Motion of cilia 15 µm 11