10 Energy Balance Tables NBSLM 01 E Climate

10. Energy Balance Tables NBSLM 01 E Climate Change and Energy: Past, Present and Future Recipient of James Watt Gold Medal N. K. Tovey (杜�� ) M. A, Ph. D, CEng, MICE, CEnv Н. К. Тови М. А. , д-р технических наук Energy Science Director CRed Project HSBC Director of Low Carbon Innovation 1

Energy Balance Tables • Energy balance tables provide information on: – Overall energy consumption in a country for a given year. – Details of production and consumption of specific fuels • Allow overall efficiency of energy use within a country to be ascertained • Give information on energy losses • Give information on sector split of energy consumption • Information from Balance tables is needed as a first stage in an accurate estimate of carbon emission factors in a country

Energy Balance Tables • Best Constructed on a Heat Supplied basis – i. e. potential that fuel has – usually based on calorific value. • Units vary widely for one source to another • Many use MTOE – but what is calorific value of oil - many sources (but not all) assume 41. 868 GJ/tonne – this is International Standard • Check what value is actually used. • Scientifically it is better to use Joules throughout • For a country use either PJ or EJ, depending on size of country. • Primary Electricity convention is not always consistent • may include hydro and nuclear, but may be specified in thermal equivalent. • sometimes hydro is included in renewable electricity – sometime as primary electricity 3

UK Aggregate Energy Balance 2008 - Dukes (2009) Peta. Joules ( PJ) Energy Supply including imports/exports Energy Conversion Energy Industry Use Industrial Demand Transport Demand Other Energy Demand

Simplified Aggregate Energy Balance 2008 - from Table 1. 1 Dukes (2009) • Aggregate Energy Balance Tables • Summarises overall situation for a country • Specific Fuel Energy Balance Tables • Covers more detailed split of energy and uses for that fuel Peta. Joules (PJ) Coal Manufactured fuel(1) Primary Petroleum oils products Natural Renewab Primary Electricity gas(2) le & electricity waste(3) 475. 7 - 3, 290. 0 - 2, 917. 0 182. 6 542. 8 Net imports 1, 087. 3 22. 0 544. 6 -331. 5 1, 009. 5 39. 7 Net Energy Available 1, 563. 0 22. 0 3, 834. 6 -331. 5 3, 926. 5 Transfers Net Consumption 1, 563. 0 -5. 3 16. 7 -146. 1 3, 688. 5 146. 3 -185. 2 -1488. 5 - -3688. 5 - UK Production Heat Total - - 7, 408. 1 - 35. 9 - 2, 407. 4 222. 3 542. 8 35. 9 - 9, 815. 5 -0. 2 3, 926. 3 222. 3 -44. 2 498. 6 44. 2 80. 1 - -5. 3 9, 810. 2 -1430. 1 -148. 1 -498. 6 - - - 1343. 8 53. 6 - A B A* =A+B Energy Conversion Inputs Outputs Net energy balance 69. 9 3624. 4 - - - - -2162. 0 Energy Industry Use 0. 2 35. 6 - 200. 0 249. 1 - - 95. 6 3. 0 583. 4 Transmission losses - 9. 9 - - 49. 1 - - 98. 7 0. 0 157. 7 74. 4 41. 1 - 3239. 2 2198. 0 74. 2 - 1229. 6 50. 6 6907. 1 52. 2 31. 1 - 266. 3 477. 0 14. 1 - 408. 8 32. 4 1281. 8 - - - 2397. 7 - 34. 4 - 30. 4 - 2462. 4 22. 1 10. 0 - 186. 5 1687. 6 25. 7 - 790. 5 18. 3 2740. 7 74. 4 41. 1 - 2850. 5 2164. 6 74. 2 - 1229. 6 50. 6 6485. 0 - - - 388. 7 33. 3 -0. 1 - -0. 1 0. 0 422. 1 Delivered Energy Available Balance Check Energy Demand INDUSTRY TRANSPORT OTHER Final Consumption (Energy only) Non-Energy use C D E F = A*+ C-D-E G H I J=G+H+I K = F-J 5

Simplified Energy Balance Tables UK Production Net imports Net Energy Available Transfers Net Consumption Manufactured Primary Coal fuel(1) oils 475. 7 3, 290. 0 1, 087. 3 22. 0 544. 6 1, 563. 0 22. 0 3, 834. 6 -5. 3 -146. 1 1, 563. 0 16. 7 3, 688. 5 Renewable Primary & waste(3) electricity Electricity Petroleum products -331. 5 146. 3 -185. 2 Natural gas 2, 917. 0 1, 009. 5 3, 926. 5 -0. 2 3, 926. 3 Total Heat UK Production Net imports 182. 6 39. 7 542. 8 - 35. 9 - 7, 408. 1 2, 407. 4 Net Energy Available Transfers 222. 3 - 35. 9 44. 2 - 9, 815. 5 -5. 3 Net Consumption 222. 3 542. 8 -44. 2 498. 6 i. e. nuclear 80. 1 - 9, 810. 2 • Transfers represent transfers between columns – e. g. Primary electricity is generally large scale renewables and nuclear, but the nonnuclear component is transferred as it is not involved in the energy conversion process in next section. • i. e 498. 6 PJ is attributed to gross nuclear generation (i. e. before conversion), and 44. 2 is transferred as renewables. A B A* 6

Simplified Energy Balance Tables: Energy Conversion Manufactured Primary fuel(1) oils Coal Net Consumption Petroleum products Natural gas(2) 1, 563. 0 16. 7 3, 688. 5 -185. 2 3, 926. 3 -1488. 5 - -3688. 5 - -1430. 1 Energy Conversion inputs outputs Net Consumption 69. 9 3624. 4 Renewable & waste(3) Primary electricity Total Electricity Heat 222. 3 498. 6 80. 1 - 9, 810. 2 -148. 1 -498. 6 - - - 1343. 8 53. 6 - -2162. 0 Energy Conversion inputs outputs net energy balance - - • -ve quantities indicate inputs to conversion, +ve indicates outputs. • 1488. 5 PJ of coal was used as input to conversion processes of which 1252. 3 PJ (see box in full table) went to electricity production. • 3688. 5 PJ of crude oil produced 3624. 4 PJ of Petroleum products. 7

Energy Conversion Coal Manufactured fuel -1, 488. 5 Electricity generation -1, 252. 3 Heat generation -11. 9 Petroleum refineries Coke manufacture -179. 2 Blast furnaces -35. 7 Patent Fuels -9. 3 Transformation [Energy Conversion] Primary oils Petroleum products Natural gas 69. 9 -3, 688. 5 3, 624. 4 -1, 430. 1 -35. 9 -2. 2 170. 1 -71. 9 9. 8 -3, 688. 5 - -41. 4 -2. 5 3, 677. 4 -9. 1 - -1, 346. 7 -83. 4 - Renewable & waste Transformation [Energy Conversion] Electricity generation Heat generation Petroleum refineries Coke manufacture Blast furnaces Patent Fuels Primary electricity Total Electricity Heat -148. 1 -498. 6 1343. 8 53. 6 -2, 162. 0 -148. 1 - -498. 6 - 1, 343. 8 - 53. 6 - -1, 979. 3 -46. 4 -11. 1 -9. 1 -116. 7 0. 5 1252. 3 PJ of coal went into electricity generation as did 35. 9 PJ of coke, 41. 4 PJ of oil, 1346. 7 PJ of natural gas. 148. 1 PJ of waste/biomass and 498. 6 PJ of nuclear equivalent. In total 1343. 8 PJ were generated from thermal plants with an input of 8

Energy Conversion In 2008, 1252. 3 PJ of coal went into electricity generation as did 35. 9 PJ of coke, 41. 4 PJ of oil, 1346. 7 PJ of natural gas. 148. 1 PJ of waste/biomass and 498. 6 PJ of nuclear equivalent. Total Input = 3323. 1 PJ with 1343. 8 PJ generated. Thus the overall thermodynamic efficiency of generation = 1343. 8 / 3323. 1 = 40. 4% In the balance table 498. 6 PJ was nuclear input, actual amount of nuclear electricity generated = 498. 6 * 0. 404 = 201. 6 PJ Electricity use on stations = 58. 7 PJ (from full table) Overall station efficiency of fossil fuel plant allowing for station use = (1343. 8 – 58. 7 ) / 3323. 1 = 38. 67% Transmission Losses = 98. 7 PJ or 98. 7/(1343. 8 -58. 7) = 7. 68% 9

Energy Conversion • The supply of electricity is 1388. 4 from thermal plants • The total losses associated with the electricity industry = 58. 7 + 98. 7 + 4. 6 = 162. 1 Pumped • So first order Primary Energy Ratio for electricity Storage = 3323. 1/(1343. 8 – 162. 1) = 2. 81 assumes that the PER for coal, oil and gas is 1. 0 • Similar first order analysis gives a PER of 1. 11 for oil. • Using an iterative approach second order estimates are obtained as follows. • However, what about fuel extracted overseas. This second order analysis assumes that the PERs in those countries are same as UK. Fuel Primary Energy Ratio Coal 1. 0227 Oil 1. 1292 Gas 1. 062 Electricity 2. 911 10

Exercise on Energy Balance Tables • Download the Electricity Balance Table Spreadsheet • Using the following approximate carbon factors work out the overall carbon emission factor for the countries allocated to you: • coal ~ 900 gms / k. Wh • oil ~ 800 gms / k. Wh • gas ~ 430 gms / k. Wh • nuclear ~ 15 gms /k. Wh • These factors vary according to efficiency of the plant and to some extent the actualgrade of the fuel.

What is the magnitude of the CO 2 problem? 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Developing EU Other OECD Transition Oil Producing UK China Pakistan India Namibia Brazil Turkey China Mexico Lithuania Sweden Switzerland France Ukraine South_Africa Libya Norway Italy Greece UK Denmark Japan Germany Russia Netherlands US UAE Qatar tonnes/capita How does UK compare with other countries? Why do some countries emit more CO 2 than others? Per capita Carbon Emissions 12

1000 Norway Switzerland Sweden France Austria Belgium Luxembourg Qatar UAE Spain Japan Netherlands UK Germany Portugal Denmark USA Czech Republic Italy China Libya Australia India Poland gms CO 2 / k. WH Carbon Emission Factor in Electricity Generation 1200 Developing EU Oil Exporting Other OECD 800 600 400 200 0 13

Electricity Generation i n selected Countries r Japan UK coal oil gas nuclear hydro

A more accurate estimate of emission factor in electricity generation • • • Emission factor in electricity generation depends on: Carbon emission factor of burning fuel Efficiency of power station Transmission losses Example Japan Coal Japan in 2007 Other Bituminous Coal kilotonnes TJ Unit Total 101305 2969006 Transformation 94324 2764410 Electricity Plants 0 0 CHP Plants 24 703 Heat Plants Gas derived from Coal processes Coke Oven Blast Furnace Basic Oxygen Gas Steel Furnace Gas TJ 79643 0 0 1 tonne coal has a calorific value of 29. 3076 GJ Data from IEA data base for Coal for Japan TJ 224498 0 0 TJ 27639 0 0

A more accurate estimate of emission factor in electricity generation Coal Japan in 2007 Other Bituminous Coal kilotonnes TJ Unit Total 101305 2969006 Transformation 94324 2764410 Electricity Plants 0 0 CHP Plants 24 703 Heat Plants Gas derived from Coal processes Coke Oven Blast Furnace Basic Oxygen Gas Steel Furnace Gas TJ 79643 0 0 TJ 224498 0 0 TJ 27639 0 0 Total coal based products consumed in power stations = 3096190 TJ Total Electricity generated 310796 GWH = 118866 TJ Efficiency of coal fired generation = 118866/3096190 = 36. 14% Transmission Losses 4. 50% so overall efficiency = 36. 14 * 0. 955 = 34. 51% If carbon factor for direct combustion is ~ 320 g/k. Wh Carbon factor for coal generation = 320/0. 3451 = 927 g/k. Wh If efficiency ~ 30% then carbon factor would have been 1067 g/k. Wh Figures in Red from IEA data base for Electricity (Japan)