10 2 Cell Structures Each type of organelle

10. 2 Cell Structures

Each type of organelle within a cell has a different function. for example: nucleus controls the activities of a cell mitochondria – provides energy The structure (size and shape) of a cell determines its function. for example: blood cells are disc shaped to pass easily through blood vessels nerve cells send signals throughout the body

Two types of cells prokaryotic • No nucleus, genetic information floats freely • Not many organelles • Most are unicellular eukaryotic • Have a nucleus • Many organelles with unique functions • Larger (plants, animals) • Hint: YOU are YOUkaryotic

Cell Appendages are located on the outside of the cell and used for movement flagella cilia • long, tail-like • short, hair-like appendages structures • made of protein • Made of protein • whip back and forth • move a cell or to move the cell move molecules away from the cell Hint : flagella is like a flag moving in the wind Hint: cilia are silly

Cell Membrane • Flexible outer covering • Protects inside of cell from outside environment • Made of phospholipids and proteins • Allows substances to pass through Hint: like a coffee filter cell membrane →

Cytoplasm • Fluid (jelly-like) substance inside a cell • Composed of water, salts, and other molecules • Organelles float within the cytoplasm Cytoskeleton • Framework of cell that gives it its shape • Network of threads made of protein

Nucleus • • Largest organelle in a eukaryotic cell Directs cell activities Contains genetic information (DNA) Contains the nucleolus, the location where ribosomes are made. • Surrounded by a two membrane nuclear envelope which contains many pores that allow RNA and ribosomes to move in/out of nucleus

diagram of the nucleus

Ribosomes • Small structures that build proteins • Can float freely in the cytoplasm of a cell or on a web-like organelle outside the cell

Endoplasmic Reticulum • Web-like organelle that spreads from the nucleus throughout the cytoplasm • Rough ER – ER that has ribosomes attached and where proteins are made. • Smooth ER – ER without ribosomes, so only lipids are made.

Mitochondria • Organelles that process energy through chemical reactions (ATP) • Surrounded by two membranes

• There can be hundreds in a eukaryotic cell depending on the function of the cell. • Ex. a muscle cell requires more energy than a skin cell. Hint: You need a lot of energy to have “mighty” muscles

Golgi Apparatus • Receives proteins from ER • Prepares proteins for their specific jobs • Packages proteins into tiny, membranebound, ball-like structures called vacuole. Hint: same job as a Post Office

Vesicles Organelles that transport substances from one area of a cell to another. Hint: “Vesicles” have the same job as a “vehicles”

Lysosomes Contain substances that help break down and recycle cellular components Hint: Lysol spray cleaner

Plant cell A work in progress!

Vacuoles Saclike organelles that store food, water, and waste material Hint: refrigerator or vacuum cleaner