1 Wind Turbines 2 Different types of wind

1 Wind Turbines

2 Different types of wind turbines • Drag-type turbines – Persian windmill – Chinese wind wheel – Saviounus • Lift-type turbines – VAWT, Vertical Axis Wind Turbine • Darrieus – HAWT, Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine • The Danish concept • American multiblade • Grumman windstream

3 Drag-type turbines Savonious The Persian windmill The Chinese wind wheel

4 Drag-type turbines Ref: www. ifb. uni-stuttgart. de/~doerner/edesignphil. html

5 Lift-type turbines VAWT, Darrieus

6 Lift-type turbines VAWT, Darrieus

7 Ref: www. ifb. uni-stuttgart. de/~doerner/edesignphil. html

8 Lift-type turbines HAWT, American Multiblade

9 Lift-type turbines HAWT, Grumman Windstream

10 Lift-type turbines HAWT, The Danish Concept • The blades upwind the rotor • Constant speed on the rotor • Power output limitation – Stall control • Brakes – Mechanical – Aerodynamic

11 HEIGHT [M] Development of HAWT

12 Wind power and energy • Power output from wind turbines: A C • Energy production from wind turbines:

13 Energy flux for wind turbines Where: P = Power r = c = A = h = Density Velocity Area Efficiency [W] [kg/m 3] [m/s] [m 2] [-] Recommended literature: Wind Turbine Technology, David A. Spera, ISBN no. 0 -7918 -1205 -7

14 The world’s energy potential for land based wind turbines Estimated energy output in k. Wh/k. W from a wind turbine that are dimensioned for 11 m/s

15 Global Installed wind power

16 Installed wind power Source: www. gwec. net

17 Wind power capacity global forecast

18 Wind Power in Norway per 1 st January 2006 • Energy goal for 2010: 3 TWh • Wind farms in operation: – – Number of wind farms: Number of wind mills: Installed power: Energy production: 13 165 ca. 320 MW ca. 900 GWh • Planned wind farms (License is given, but not built) – – Number of wind farms: Number of wind mills: Installed power: Energy production: 15 439 1214 MW 3866 GWh • Planned wind farms (Applied for License) – Number of wind farms: – Number of wind mills: – Installed power: 36 1444 4496 MW Hitra

19 Norwegian wind farms in operation Ref. www. nve. no

20 Norwegian wind farms License is given, but not built Ref. www. nve. no

21

22 HAWT Horisontal-Axis Wind Turbines SMØLA

23 HAWT Main Components • • • Foundation Tower Nacelle Hub Turbine blades Ref. Wind Power Plants, R. Gasch, J. Twele

24 Towers Lattice tower Tubular steel towers, Guyed Pole Tower Concrete tower

25 Tower designs Ref. Wind Power Plants, R. Gasch, J. Twele

26 Nacelle and Yaw system Ref. www. windpower. org

27 Yaw system Ref. www. windpower. org

28 Nacelle

29 Nacelle

30 Nacelle Design Ref. Wind Power Plants, R. Gasch, J. Twele

31 Nacelle Drive Trains Ref. Wind Power Plants, R. Gasch, J. Twele

32 VESTAS V 90 3 MW 108 TONS

33 Multibrid M 5000 Power output: 5 MW Diameter: 116 m. Turbine speed: 5, 9 -14, 8 rpm Masses: Blade: 16. 500 kg Hub: 60. 100 kg Nacelle: 199. 300 kg

34 (tons)

35 Hydraulic transmission - 5 MW P = Hydraulic pump (Assumed weight 20 ton) M = Variable displacement motor 8 x A 4 VSO 1000 G = Generator placed at the bottom of the wind turbine P M G

36 Hub design

37 Hub design Ref. Wind Power Plants, R. Gasch, J. Twele

38 Hub design Ref. Wind Power Plants, R. Gasch, J. Twele

39 Blade Design Ref. Wind Power Plants, R. Gasch, J. Twele

40 Design at different TSR Ref. Wind Power Plants, R. Gasch, J. Twele

41 Energy Flux in the wind Where: P = Power r = Density c = Velocity [W] [kg/m 3] [m/s]

42 Wind velocity, power and energy

43 Power output Wind Power Turbine Power

44 Aerodynamic brakes Ref. Wind Power Plants, R. Gasch, J. Twele

45 Stall control Ref. Wind Power Plants, R. Gasch, J. Twele

46 Turbine blade pitch system Ref. Wind Power Plants, R. Gasch, J. Twele

47 Turbine blade pitch system

48 Links • • www. windpower. org/ www. ewea. org www. nve. no www. hydro. com/no/our_business/oil_energy/new_energ y/wind/index. html • www. statkraft. no/pub/vindkraft/index. asp • www. gwec. net • http: //ec. europa. eu/research/energy/nn/nn_rt_wind /article_1101_en. htm

49 Recommended literature • Wind Power Plants, Fundamentals, Design Construction and Operation – R. gasch, J. Twele, ISBN no. 1 -902916 -38 -7 • Wind Turbine Technology – David A. Spera, ISBN no. 0 -7918 -1205 -7 • Guidelines for design of Wind Turbines – DNV, RISØ, ISBN no. 87 -550 -2870 -5 • Wind Energy Handbook – T. Burton, D. Sharpe, N. Jenkins, E. Bossanyi, ISBN no. 0 -471 -48997 -2 • Aerodynamics of Wind Turbines – Martin O. L. Hansen, ISBN no. 1 -902916 -06 -9