1 Wilmot Provisio 2 Compromise of 1850 3

1. Wilmot Provisio 2. Compromise of 1850 3. Free Soil Party 4. Fugitive Slave Law 5. Kansas and Nebraska Act 6. Bleeding Kansas 7. Stephen Douglas 8. Republican Party 9. Abraham Lincoln 10. James Buchanan • Do questions from pgs. • 394: 2, 3, 4 and 5 • 400: 3, 4 and 5 11. Dred Scott Decision 12. John Brown 13. Election of 1860 14. South Carolina 15. Secession 16. Confederacy 17. Jefferson Davis 18. Union 19. Jefferson Davis 20. Fort Sumter

Trends in Antebellum America: 1810 -1860 1. New intellectual and religious movements. 2. Social reforms. 3. Beginnings of the Industrial Revolution in America. 4. Re-emergence of a second party system and more political democratization. 5. Increase in federal power Marshall Ct. decisions. 6. Increase in American nationalism. 7. Further westward expansion.

Free Soil Party Free Soil! Free Speech! Free Labor! Free Men! § “Barnburners” – discontented northern Democrats. § Anti-slave members of the Liberty and Whig Parties. WHY? § Opposition to the extension of slavery in the new territories!

The 1848 Presidential Election Results √

Results of the Mexican War? 1. The 17 -month war cost $100, 000 and 13, 000+ American lives (mostly of disease). 2. New territories were brought into the Union which forced the explosive issue of SLAVERY to the center of national politics. * Brought in 1 million sq. mi. of land (incl. TX) 3. These new territories would upset the balance of power between North and South. 4. Created two popular Whig generals who ran for President. 5. Manifest Destiny partially realized.

Map expansion Wilmot Provision Prohibit slavery from any territory captured from Mexico in the war

Wilmot Proviso, 1846 Wilmot Proviso • David Wilmot, an abolitionist, US Representative from PA • Prohibit slavery from any territory captured from Mexico in the war • Passed House but defeated in Senate in 1846 Congressman David Wilmot (D-PA)

Problems of Sectional Balance in 1850 California resumes slavery question v Southern “fire-eaters” fire-eaters threatening secession if California becomes a free state. v. Abolitionists and several political parties support California as a free state. v Underground RR & fugitive slave issues: q. South wants Fugitive Slave Law enforced.

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Most intense debate in U. S. History • John C. Calhoun • North should honor the Constitution and enforce the Fugitive Slave Law • South wanted California • threatened to secede from U. S. • U. S. should have two Presidents---one from the North and one for the South • Daniel Webster • Henry Clay • The Great Compromiser, with John C. Calhoun, Daniel Webster and Stephen Douglas, propose this compromise. • Secession is impractical & impossible • How would we split the land? • The military? • Compromise at all cost • Preserve the Union Comp of 1850

• Solve the slavery issue through Popular Sovereignty Stephen Douglas • U. S. Senator from Illinois, a Democrat and author of Popular Sovereignty. • Let the people in each territory decide through the process of voting whether they want slavery or not. Along with Henry Clay, Daniel Webster and John C. Calhoun they proposed the Compromise of 1850 Picture/S. Douglas

Compromise of 1850 • California enters as a free state • Create two new territories with Popular Sovereignty • Utah and New Mexico Territory • End slave trade in Washington, DC. • Enforce the Fugitive Slave Law Map Comp of 1850 Popular Sovereignty Allow the people in a territory to vote on whether they want slavery to exist or not in their state.

ABOLITIONISTS RESPOND §Denounced by Abolitionists §Harriet Beecher Stowe’s, Uncle Tom’s Cabin is published §Abolitionists refuse to enforce the law §Underground Railroad becomes more active

Fugitive Slave Law RESPONSE BY ABOLITIONISTS “An immoral law makes it a man’s duty to break it, at every hazard. For virtue is the very self of every man. It is therefore a principle of law that an immoral contract is void, and that an immoral statute is void. The Fugitive Slave Law is a statute which enacts the crime of kidnapping, a crime on one footing with arson and murder. A man’s right to liberty is as inalienable as his right to life……” Ralph Waldo Emerson

Fugitive Slave Law RESPONSE BY ABOLITIONISTS “ 3 millions of the American people are crushed under the American Union! The government gives them no protection– the government is their enemy, the government keeps them in chains! The Union which grinds them to the dust rests upon us, and with them we will struggle to overthrow it! The Constitution which subjects them to hopeless bondage is one that we cannot swear to support. Our motto is, ‘No Union with Slaveholders’…. We separate from them, to clear our skirts of innocent blood…. and to hasten the downfall of slavery in America, and throughout the world!” William Lloyd Garrison

SOUTHERNERS RESPOND §Southerners threatened secession and war §Believed it should be enforced because the Constitution protects property and Federal law is over State law. § 5 th Amendment §Supremacy Clause

Expansionist Young America in the 1850 s §America’s Attempted Raids into Latin America…. §This is called “filibustering” when private citizens carry out wars against countries. §If won, they would become slave territories for the South.

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• Build a transcontinental connecting California to the East Coast either in the South or North • Stephen Douglas wanted the railroad built in the North but had to convince the South otherwise. • Proposed a plan to create two new territories: Kansas and Nebraska • Territories were allowed to decide the slavery issue, Popular Sovereignty • In return for building the railroad in the North. Kan. & Neb Act

Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854 Kansas Nebraska Act • Create two new territories • Open it up to popular sovereignty

“Bleeding Kansas” Border “Ruffians” (pro-slavery Missourians) vs. Radical Abolitionists who want to keep Kansas free

Map Bleeding Kan • Kansas/Nebraska Act led to several acts of violence between pro-slavery settlers and anti-slavery settlers. • First violent outbreaks between north/south. Led by Abolitionist John Brown who kills 5 pro-slavery settlers. Attacks by free-states Attacks by pro-slavery states • First battles of the Civil War begin in Kansas in 1856. • Over 200 killed

“Bleeding Kansas” Armed Antislavery Men • Though no one would deny that their cause was noble, many of the men who flocked to Kansas to resist the expansion of slavery were no less violent than their proslavery adversaries. • Picture taken in 1859, shows a gang of armed antislavery men who had just broken an accomplice out of jail in neighboring St. Joseph, Missouri. • Like proslavery "Border Ruffians, " many of these men also served in guerrilla bands during the Civil War and some went on to careers as famous outlaws after the war was over.

“Bleeding Kansas” Free State Battery, 1856 • The slave state of Missouri opposed the entry of antislavery advocates for years and, by the 1850 s, actively tried to prevent their passage through Missouri on the way to Kansas. • "Free-staters" traveled through Iowa instead, often bringing arms with them. This small cannon, left over from the Mexican War, helped create "Bleeding Kansas. "

• Kansas territory became a battleground. • Pro-slavery vs. antislavery supporters • Bitterly divided the nation • Led to the formation of the Republican Party. • The first shots of the Civil War were in Bleeding Kansas. Bleeding Kan

“The Crime Against Kansas” Sen. Charles Sumner (R-MA) Congr. Preston Brooks (D-SC)

“The Crime Against Kansas” Congr. Preston Brooks (D-SC) Sen. Charles Sumner (R-MA) Congressman Preston Brooks beats Senator Charles Sumner over the speech he gave about Kansas Territory being part of a larger Slave Power Conspiracy……Outraged by the speech, Brooks nearly clubs Sumner to death.

Free Soil Party against the expansion of slavery Northern Democrats opposed the expansion of slavery Abraham Lincoln reenters politics and gives over 125 speeches against the expansion of slavery by 1860. BIRTH OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY, 1854 National Republican which become the Whigs. Chart/Rep. Party Formed to stop the expansion of slavery and opposition to the Kansas Nebraska Act Abolitionists Know Nothing Party against immigration and expansion of slavery.

• Slave from Missouri traveled with his owner to Illinois & Minnesota both free states. • His master died and Scott wanted to move back to Missouri---Missouri still recognized him as a slave. • He sued his master’s widow for his freedom since he had lived in a free state for a period of time. • Court case went to the Supreme Court for a decision-----National issue • Can a slave sue for his freedom? • Is a slave property? • Is slavery legal? Picture/Dred Scott

Supreme Court’s decision: • Slaves cannot sue the for their freedom because they are property. • They are not citizens and have no legal right under the Constitution. • Supreme Court legalized slavery by saying that • Congress could not stop a slaveowner from moving his slaves to a new territory • Missouri Compromise and all other compromises were unconstitutional Chart/Effect of Scott

National “fallout” from the Court’s decision: • North refused to enforce Fugitive Slave Law • Free states pass personal liberty laws. • Republicans claim the decision is not binding • Southerners call on the North to accept the decision if the South is to remain in the Union. Chart/Effect of Scott

Chief Justice Roger B. Taney (1777 to 1864) in the case of Dred Scott referred to the status of slaves when the Constitution was adopted. “They had (slaves) for more than a century before been regarded as beings of an inferior order; and altogether unfit to associate with the white race, either in social or political relations; and so far inferior that they had no rights which the white man was bound to respect. This opinion was at that time fixed and universal in the civilized portion of the white race. ” Reading/Scott decision

• Lincoln and Douglas both running for the U. S. Senate in Illinois in 1858. • The debates were followed by the country because both candidates were interested in running for the Presidency in 1860. • Slavery was the national issue • Lincoln stated: A House Divided against itself cannot stand. Either we become one or the other. • was against the expansion of slavery • Douglas believed that slavery should be decided by the people. • Popular sovereignty Chart/L&D Debates

• Lincoln got Douglas to admit that Popular Sovereignty could work against the expansion of slavery…. . • This was called the Freeport Doctrine Southerners would not support Douglas for the presidency in 1860 Picture/ L&D Debates

Lincoln’s compares the black and white races during the 1858 debates. “I, as well as Judge Douglas, am in favor of the race to which I belong, having the superior position. I have never said anything to the contrary, but I hold that not with standing all this, there is no reason in the world why the negro is not entitled to all the natural rights enumerated (expressed) expressed in the DOI, the right to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness I hold that he is as much entitled to those rights as the white man. I agree with Judge Douglas he is not my equal in many respects---certainly not in color, perhaps not in moral or intellectual endowment. But in the right to eat the bread, without leave or anybody else, which his own hand earns, he is my equal and the equal of Judge Douglas and the equal of every living man”. Reading/Lincoln on slavery

Under the operation of that policy (Kansas/Nebraska Act and Dred Scott Decision), Decision that agitation has not only not ceased, but has constantly augmented (slavery has grown). grown In my opinion, it will not cease, until a crisis shall have been reached and passed. "A house divided against itself cannot stand. " I believe this government cannot endure permanently half slave and half free. I do not expect the Union to be dissolved. I do not expect the house to fall but I do expect it will cease to be divided. It will become all one thing, or all the other. ”

Either the opponents of slavery will arrest the further spread of it, and place it where the public mind shall rest in the belief that it is in the course of ultimate extinction; or its advocates will push it forward, till it shall become alike lawful in all the States, old as well as new -- North as well as South. Abraham Lincoln, 1858 during the Lincoln/Douglas Debates

• Violent abolitionist • Involved in the Bleeding Kansas • Murdered 5 pro-slavery men in Kansas • Wanted to lead a slave revolt throughout the South by raising an army of freed slaves and destroying the South.

• On the night of October 16 tth, 1859, Brown and 21 men, including 5 blacks raided the government armory and arsenal at Harpers Ferry to begin his slave revolt. • Brown became trapped inside the fire-engine house and on the 18 th the building was stormed by US Marines. • The fighting ended with 10 of Brown's people killed and 7 captured, Brown among them.

John Brown’s Raid on Harper’s Ferry, 1859

• Brown is captured by USMC under the leadership of Robert E. Lee • Put on trial for treason.

• He was found guilty of treason and sentenced to death. • His last words were to this effect: “I, John Brown, am now quite sure that the crimes of this guilty land will never be purged away but with blood!!!” • Northerners thought of John Brown as a martyr to the abolitionist cause. • Southerners were terrified that if John Brown almost got away with this, there must be others like him in the North who are willing to die to end slavery. Picture/J. Brown Hanging • South’s outcome: To leave the U. S. and start their own country.

Upon hearing of John Brown’s execution, escaped slave and abolitionist Harriet Tubman paid him the highest tribute for his self-sacrifice. “I’ve been studying, and studying upon it and its clar to me, it wasn’t John Brown that died on that gallows. When I think how he gave up his life for our people and how he never flinched but was so brave to the end; its clar to me it wasn’t mortal man, it Reading/Tubman on Brown

Not all opponents of slavery, however, shared Tubman’s reverence for Brown. Republican presidential candidate Abe Lincoln dismissed Brown as deluded: “The Brown affair, in its philosophy, corresponds with the many attempts, related in history, at the assassination of kings and emperors. An enthusiast broods over the oppression of a people till he fancies himself commissioned by Heaven to liberate them. He ventures the attempt, which ends in little else

√ Abraham Lincoln Republican Stephen A. Douglas Northern Democrat 1860 Presidential Election John Bell Constitutional Union John C. Breckinridge Southern Democrat

Republican Party Platform in 1860 1. Non-extension of slavery [for the Free-Soilers. 2. Protective tariff [for the No. Industrialists]. 3. No abridgment of rights for immigrants [a disappointment for the “Know-Nothings”]. 4. Government aid to build a Pacific RR [for the Northwest]. 5. Internal improvements [for the West] at federal expense. 6. Free homesteads for the public domain [for farmers].

1860 Election: A Nation Coming Apart?

§Country is polarized (divided) over the issue of slavery. §Once Lincoln is elected as president, South Carolina will secede from the U. S. along with several other Southern States. • 303 total electoral votes and 152 to win. §They will form the Confederate States of America--CSA Election of 1860

Secession: SC Dec. 20, 1860

Secession

Crittenden Compromise: A Last Ditch Appeal to Sanity and preserve the Union from a Civil War • Senator John J. Crittenden (Know-Nothing-KY) • Extend the Missouri Compromise 36, 30 line out to California.

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1848 Presidential Election Results √

The “Know-Nothings” [The American Party] Ø Nativists. Ø Anti-Catholics. Ø Anti-immigrants. Ø 1849 Secret Order of the Star-Spangled Banner created in NYC.

1852 Presidential Election √ Franklin Pierce Democrat Gen. Winfield Scott Whig John Parker Hale Free Soil

1852 Election Results

1856 Presidential Election √ James Buchanan Democrat John C. Frémont Republican Millard Fillmore Whig

1856 Election Results

Problems of Sectional Balance in 1850 California resumes slavery question Ø Southern “fire-eaters” threatening secession if California becomes a free state. ØAbolitionists and several political parties support a California as a free state. Ø Underground RR & fugitive slave issues: * Personal liberty laws * Prigg v. Pennsylvania (1842)