1 What nationality was Louis Pasteur Name one

1 • What nationality was Louis Pasteur? • Name one thing that he did that was important. • Why is Antony van Leeuwenhoek important to microbiology?

2 • What is the name of the Austrian physician who showed that when physicians washed their hands before delivering babies the mothers did not get infected and die (nearly so often)? • We often keep track of the history of the world by its wars. What war occurred during the period associated with “the golden age of Microbiology”?

3 • A _______ is made up of two or more atoms joined together by covalent bonds. • A solution with a p. H of 5 is how many times more acidic than a solution of p. H 7? • A ______ is a large molecule made up of many similar or identical subunits. • Water molecules associate with each other because they are held together by ______ bonds.

4 • Diffusion of molecules from a high concentration to a low concentration occurs because of which law of thermodynamics? • The diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane such as a cell membrane is called _____. • Name one molecule (other than water) that can diffuse unaided through a biological membrane. • Name one molecule that can’t.

5 • What part of a microscope focuses light but does not magnify? • The difference between light and dark areas in some being viewed is called______. • The ability to distinguish two points as being separate from each is called______.

6 • A biological membrane is comprised of two types of molecules, ______ and _______. • Peptidoglycan is made of long chains of two monomers, ______ and ______, and is crosslinked together by ______. • A bacterium placed in a very salty solution has been put into a hypo/iso/hyper tonic environment (compared to the cell)?

7 • Remembering the magnification power of most ocular lenses, the total magnification achieved when viewing an object with the 4 x objective lens is ____. • A Gram positive bacterium will NOT be composed of which one of the following macromolecules? A. protein b. peptidoglycan c. lipopolysaccharide d. phospholipid e. teichoic acid • With electron microscopy, a periplasmic space is visible in Gram positive/ Gram negative bacteria.

8 • In Gram negative bacteria, a lipoprotein helps to attach the outer membrane to what structure? • The outer membrane contains transport proteins made of 3 subunits that are called _______. • The part of lipopolysaccharide that makes up the outer leaflet of the outer membrane is called ______.

9 • What are the 3 domains of living things? • What organisms can reproduce and cause disease but aren’t considered alive? Why aren’t they considered alive? • A nanometer is how much smaller than a micrometer?

10 • Put these in order of size from smallest to largest: E. coli; liver cell; protein; glucose; ribosome • “Daltons” is equivalent to what other units? • The type of microscopy we use in class where objects look dark against a bright background is called _____.

11 • Name 3 critical components that we find in all types of cells. • What ion is accumulated by all types of cells? • You are viewing a bacterium under the microscope and it is 3 micrometers long. Would you be surprised? • If you are viewing this bacterium using the 100 x objectives, how big will it appear to be?

12 • Bacteria with a thick layer of peptidoglycan in the cell wall usually appear as what color in a Gram stain? • What more familiar molecule does teichoic acid most closely resemble? • Name 3 advantages of having a capsule or slime layer.

13 • Identify what type of molecule makes up each: slime layer S layer fimbria flagellum plasmid • What is the purpose of inclusions in bacterial cells? • Structure that help a bacterium respond to a magnetic field are called ____.

14 • The molecule an enzyme acts on is called the _____. • Name two characteristics of any catalyst. • Why does a bacterium need so many genes? • How does a competitive inhibitor work? • How does an allosteric inhibitor work?

15 • Give an example of an organic enzyme cofactor and an inorganic one. • Why do reversible reactions that take place in a cell go in the direction that they do? • Define the following: anabolism; catabolism; chemoorganotroph; chemolithotroph; heterotroph; autotroph; phototroph;

16 • The molecule that serves as electron acceptor for most catabolic redox reactions is ______. • The molecule that supplies energy to power many biosynthetic reactions is _______. • Pentose phosphate and Entner-Doudoroff are pathways that start with what organic compound? • Pentose phosphate pathway provides two molecules useful for biosynthesis, _______ and _______.

17 • Describe the primary function of the Krebs Cycle in aerobic metabolism. • Describe the primary function of the Krebs Cycle in anaerobic metabolism. • Why must the electron transport chain be located in the cell membrane and not in the cytoplasm? • Addition of a phosphate group, as in the synthesis of ATP from ADP, is called _______.

18 • In the oxidation of the carbons of glucose to carbon dioxide in aerobic metabolism, enough electrons are removed to make about 32 ATP. In fermentation, only enough oxdiation occurs to make 2 ATP. What happens to the other electrons? • Methane (CH 4) can serve as an electron acceptor in anaerobic respiration, true or false? • What molecule serves as the final electron acceptor in fermentation?

19 • Define facilitated diffusion. • Group translocation is used to transport what type of molecule into a bacterium? • What molecule provides the energy source for group translocation? • Describe two “forms of energy” that can be used for active transport.

20 • Name 10 macronutrients. • A fastidious bacterium generally requires what? • What type of bacterium would you expect to find growing in a sewage treatment plant, an oligotroph or a copiotroph? • A culture medium containing yeast extract would be classified as a ______ medium.

21 • Name one enzyme known to break down a toxic byproduct of oxygen. • An alkalophile is an organism that grows best under what conditions? • A bacterium that can grow using oxygen or by fermentation is called a ___________. • With regard to temperature, a bacterium that causes an infection in a mammal would be classified as a _

22 • How would you classify and organism that grows well in a desert? • Where would you find a halophile growing? • Bacterial growth is defined as an increase in size of ____. • Define “generation time”.

23 • Draw the bacterial growth curve. Correctly label the axes and label the different phases of growth. • True or false: Counting the bacteria under the microscope is a direct count. Bacteria counted using the microscope are alive. • What does “balanced growth” mean?