1 WHAT IS BIG HISTORY WHY DO WE

1 WHAT IS BIG HISTORY? WHY DO WE LOOK AT THINGS FROM FAR AWAY AND CLOSE UP?

UNIT 1 WHAT IS BIG HISTORY? CONTENTS UNIT 1 BASICS 3 Unit 1 Overview 4 Unit 1 Learning Outcomes KEY CONTENT (continued) 15 Origin Stories Introduction 16 Are We Alone? 5 7 17 18 19 20 21 Unit 1 Lessons Unit 1 Key Concepts KEY CONTENT 9 What Is Big History? 10 Big History Timeline 11 A Big History of Everything 12 Powers of Ten 13 Notations & Measures Introduction to Cosmology Introduction to Astrophysics A Big History of Everything Complexity & Thresholds of Increasing Complexity LOOKING AHEAD 23 What’s Next in Unit 2? 14 Big Questions BIG HISTORY PROJECT / UNIT 1 / WHAT IS BIG HISTORY? 2

UNIT 1 OVERVIEW Key Discipline: Big History Timespan: 13. 8 billion years ago Driving Question: Why do we look at things from far away and close up? BIG HISTORY PROJECT / UNIT 1 / WHAT IS BIG HISTORY? 3

UNIT 1 LEARNING OUTCOMES By the end of Unit 1, students should be able to: 1. Define thresholds of increasing complexity, origin stories, and scale. 2. Understand that Big History is a modern, science-based origin story that draws on many different types of knowledge. 3. Understand how they fit into the Big History narrative, using the concept of “thresholds” to frame your past, present, and future as well as the history of the Universe. 4. Understand what disciplines are and consider how the viewpoints of many different scholars can be integrated for a better understanding of a topic. BIG HISTORY PROJECT / UNIT 1 / WHAT IS BIG HISTORY? 4

UNIT 1 LESSONS 1. 0 Welcome to Big History What is Big History? How is it different from other courses you have taken? Big History is a course that attempts to study some of the most interesting questions that humans can ask by surveying the entire history of the Universe using the best evidence available from many disciplines. 1. 1 Scale A mile, a year, a foot – all our everyday measures relate to a familiar scale. Big History is so big, though, that we need to use entirely different measurements on an entirely different scale. 1. 2 Origin Stories People have always told origin stories – stories about how the Universe and humans came to be. Big History is a modern, scientific origin story, told by a global community. 1. 3 What Are Disciplines? What is a “discipline”? How are the disciplines different in the questions they ask and the evidence they gather? Big History relies on the ideas of many disciplines to tell its story. Continued next slide BIG HISTORY PROJECT / UNIT 1 / WHAT IS BIG HISTORY? 5

UNIT 1 LESSONS Continued from previous slide 1. 4 My Big History In a story that covers 13. 8 billion years, you can’t talk about everything. What do you include and what do you leave out? Fragile, diverse, precise, and punctuating the creation of something entirely new in the Universe – thresholds of increasing complexity are a foundation of Big History. BIG HISTORY PROJECT / UNIT 1 / WHAT IS BIG HISTORY? 6

UNIT 1 KEY CONCEPTS • astrophysics • origin story • Big Bang • religion • Big History • scale • complexity • science • cosmology • scientific notation • emergent properties • thresholds of increasing complexity • entropy (the law of) • Universe • Goldilocks Conditions • history • ingredients • interdisciplinary approach BIG HISTORY PROJECT / UNIT 1 / WHAT IS BIG HISTORY? 7

KEY CONTENT

WHAT IS BIG HISTORY? Video Talk / David Christian • Big History tells the story of the Universe from the Big Bang to the present, a time span of 13. 8 billion years. • Big History is the modern, scientific origin story, based on the best evidence that scientists and historians have compiled to date. As new and better evidence is found, the story will need to be updated. • Big History asks big questions. Among the questions that big historians tackle are: How was the Universe created? Why does it work the way it does? Why are stars so big? Why are you and I so small? BIG HISTORY PROJECT / UNIT 1 / WHAT IS BIG HISTORY? 9

BIG HISTORY TIMELINE Infographic BIG HISTORY PROJECT / UNIT 1 / WHAT IS BIG HISTORY? 10

A BIG HISTORY OF EVERYTHING Video • This video begins with the statement that Big History is “the story of how we almost didn’t happen. ” • One example of this idea is in the physical relationship of the Earth and the Sun. Earth is in a location that allows liquid water to exist. Any closer to the Sun and the oceans would boil; any further away and everything would be frozen. • Another example is the physical relationship of the Earth and Moon. The Moon helps stabilize the Earth’s rotation, helping to ensure a stable climate. If the Moon does not perform this function, life on Earth would be very different. • Jupiter also plays an important role in protecting the Earth from asteroid impacts. Because Jupiter is so large, its gravitational attraction keep many asteroids from threatening the Earth. • The timeline of Big History is the timeline of the history of the Universe since the Big Bang. Big History presents the past as a series of interconnected events, not just a series of events that happen over a period of time. • This timeline is built around eight events called thresholds of complexity. At these moments, on the one hand, the Universe exhibited a significant increase in its level of complexity. On the other hand, a line was crossed from which it would be very difficult to reverse. Undoing the creation of space, time, matter, and energy would be very difficult. BIG HISTORY PROJECT / UNIT 9 / ACCELERATION 11

POWERS OF TEN Video • Big History tells a story that involves thinking on the biggest scales, like the size of the Universe and the age of the Universe; and on the smallest scales, like the size of the nucleus of a hydrogen atom or the amount of time it took for the first matter to be created. • Powers of Ten shows what it means to move from the biggest scales to the smallest scales. BIG HISTORY PROJECT / UNIT 1 / WHAT IS BIG HISTORY? 12

NOTATIONS & MEASURES Infographic BIG HISTORY PROJECT / UNIT 1 / WHAT IS BIG HISTORY? 13

BIG QUESTIONS Video • This video is a very short introduction to importance of big questions in the Big History course. • How did the Universe begin? What is the meaning of life? How did life begin? What does it mean to be human? How does modern science help you think about these questions? These are just some of the questions that students will be asked to consider in the course. BIG HISTORY PROJECT / UNIT 9 / ACCELERATION 14

ORIGIN STORIES INTRODUCTION Article / Cynthia Stokes Brown In the first article, Cynthia Stokes Brown introduces theme of origin stories and discusses why they are so common across cultures. • Origin stories answer important questions like “How was the Universe created? ” and “How were humans created? ” They reassure people about their place in the world. • Origin stories differ from society to society, and some societies may have multiple origin stories or have different versions of the same story. • In the remaining articles, Cynthia Stokes Brown and Craig Benjamin compile a variety of origin stories that emphasize different questions and teach different lessons. The stories represented are: Chinese, Greek, Iroquois, Judeo-Christian, and Mayan. Brown also offers an example of a modern scientific origin story. BIG HISTORY PROJECT / UNIT 1 / WHAT IS BIG HISTORY? 15

ARE WE ALONE? Video • This short video provides a first look at the question about whether or not life exists in other parts of the Universe. • Over the course of the last century, scientists discovered that the Universe is unimaginably big. In the last 20 years, scientists have discovered many planets outside our solar system. It is possible that many of these planets have conditions like those on Earth that allowed life to evolve. • The possibility that life—even complex life—exists somewhere in the Universe is a relatively new idea. Astronomers and physicists are currently searching the Universe for exoplanets and exoplanets that have Earth-like conditions. What was once thought to be a topic suitable only for works of science fiction is now an important research focus for astronomers and physicists. BIG HISTORY PROJECT / UNIT 9 / ACCELERATION 16

INTRODUCTION TO COSMOLOGY Video Talk/ Tim Mc. Kay • Tim Mc. Kay is a cosmologist at the University of Michigan. • Cosmology is discipline that focuses on understanding the origin and evolution of the Universe. • Cosmologists study the history of the Universe by observing the characteristics of light emitted by distant objects. They can learn about the characteristics of stars and galaxies from the light they emit. They can also measure how far the light from distant galaxies has traveled to reach the Earth to help determine the age of the Universe. • Some of the mysteries that cosmologists are trying to resolve include questions about what existed before the Big Bang, the nature of dark matter, what is causing the acceleration in the expansion of the Universe, and whether or not there is life in other parts of the Universe. BIG HISTORY PROJECT / UNIT 9 / ACCELERATION 17

INTRODUCTION TO ASTROPHYSICS Video Talk/Janna Levin • Janna Levin is an astrophysicist at Barnard College. • Astrophysics is a discipline that focuses on understanding the physical laws of the Universe and how math can be used to describe natural phenomena. • There are four types of astrophysicists: experimentalists create tests and build technology to detect and confirm ideas about the nature of the Universe; observers use telescopes to make observations that will provide evidence about the nature of the Universe; theorists use math to make predictions based on observations and experiments; and fourth category combine all three approaches. • Math is a critical to the work of astrophysicists. Math connects us to the natural world, allows us to understand how it works, and allows us to describe it. • Some of the mysteries that astrophysicists are trying to resolve include questions about how the Universe began, how is the Universe evolving, and how many dimensions are there in the Universe. Perhaps the most important question that astrophysicists concerns the nature of the matter that the Universe is made of. BIG HISTORY PROJECT / UNIT 9 / ACCELERATION 18

A BIG HISTORY OF EVERYTHING Video • Thresholds of increasing complexity are critical events in the story of Big History and are fundamental to an understanding of the story of the Universe. • Entropy is the natural tendency of all things in the Universe to move from order to disorder, from organization to chaos, from the complexity to the simplicity. This tendency is considered a fundamental law of the Universe. • Threshold moments seem to defy this law because at these moments the Universe moves to a more complex state rather than to a simpler one. • Big History is organized around eight thresholds when the Universe showed a significant increase in complexity. • Gravity has played an important role in these threshold moments, helping bring about the formation of stars and planets, which allowed for the evolution of life. As this succession of thresholds suggests, each threshold builds upon previous ones. BIG HISTORY PROJECT / UNIT 9 / ACCELERATION 19

COMPLEXITY & THRESHOLDS Article / David Christian • Complexity is hard to define, but there are three characteristics that will help you identify it in this course. Complex things tend to have: • Diverse ingredients • Precise arrangements • Emergent properties • When the right combination of ingredients are arranged in a precise way, together they have properties that the individual ingredients did not. • Complexity is rarer than simplicity in the Universe. • When the Universe experiences a significant increase in complexity, we call it a threshold of increasing complexity. In this course, we will focus on eight such thresholds. BIG HISTORY PROJECT / UNIT 1 / WHAT IS BIG HISTORY? 20

LOOKING AHEAD

WHAT’S NEXT? In Unit 2, we will focus on the Big Bang, which marks the beginning of 13. 8 billion years in Big History. We will learn: • How theory of the Big Bang developed. • The ways that modern scientists built on the work of prior generations and used the tools of their time to understand the Universe. • What the very early history of the Universe looked like and what it generated. • How our Universe has changed over time. BIG HISTORY PROJECT / UNIT 1 / WHAT IS BIG HISTORY? 24