1 What European nations imperialized Africa 2 Who

1. What European nations imperialized Africa? 2. Who were the Boers? 3. How did the Zulus respond to European imperialism? 4. Why were Liberia and Ethiopia the only African nations to remain free?

In the 1870 s the Belgians began to trade with Africans in the Congo. Fearing they would miss out on various raw materials, the other European nations scrambled to establish their presence on the continent. King Leopold

Berlin Conference In 1884, to avoid conflict amongst themselves, European leaders met at the Berlin Conference to set up rules for colonizing Africa. No Africans were invited. Berlin Conference

Berlin Conference The European powers agreed that before they could claim territory they would have to set up an outpost. Whoever was the first to build the outpost gained that area of land. Berlin Conference

Europeans In Africa By 1914 Britain France Germany Italy Belgium Portugal Spain

British Territory Britain’s claims in Africa were second in size only to France, but included heavily populated areas with greater natural resources. Britain controlled Egypt because of its strategic location.

French Territory France was very powerful in North Africa, and later spread into West and Central Africa. The territory France controlled was as large as the United States.

German Territory The newly formed German empire had to fight many battles against African natives to take lands in the southern half of Africa. Germany would lose its colonial territories after its loss in World War I.

Italian Territory The Italians crossed the Mediterranean and conquered Libya. They then took Somaliland in the horn of Africa, but were beaten badly by the Ethiopians.

Belgium Territory King Leopold and other wealthy Belgians exploited the riches of the Congo, and brutalized the natives. Many Africans were enslaved, beaten, and killed.

Portuguese (Angola and Mozambique) and Spanish (Spanish Morocco) were minimal. Portuguese Territory Spanish Territory

The Boers In the mid-1600 s, Dutch farmers known as Boers settled in southern Africa in Cape Colony. The Boers built Cape Town as a supply station. In the 1700 s, the Dutch herders and ivory hunters began to move north. The British then acquired Cape Colony in the early 1800 s. AFRICA s r e o B Cape Colony Cape Town

The Anglo-Boer War In the late 1800 s, the discovery of gold and diamonds in the northern Boer territory set off the Anglo-Boer war. The war was from 1899 -1902 and involved bitter guerrilla fighting. The British won, but at a great cost. British Boers

Boers British

The Zulus In the early 1800 s in southern Africa, an African leader named Shaka conquered and united tribes to form the Zulu nation. Zulu Nation Cape Colony Cape Town Shaka Zulu

The Zulus were skilled and organized fighters. Shaka used his power and fought against European slave traders and ivory hunters.

The Zulus also fought the Boers as they migrated north from Cape Colony. s r e o B Cape Colony Cape Town Zulu Nation

The Anglo-Zulu War The Zulus came into conflict with the British as well. In 1879 the Zulus wiped out a British force at the battle of Isandlwana.

The Anglo-Zulu War However, it was not long before the superior weaponry of the British overtook the Zulus at the battle of Rorke’s Drift.

GB Takes S. Africa AFRICA In 1910, with southern Africa secure, the British established the Republic of South Africa and instituted apartheid. Apartheid – government policy calling for separation of the races. South Africa Cape Colony Cape Town

Independent Africans After the slave trade was outlawed, abolitionists in the United States promoted the idea of returning freed slaves to Africa. In the early 1800 s, President Monroe helped free slaves settle in Liberia. The former slaves named the capital city Monrovia in his honor. President Monroe

Liberia

Independent Africans The Ethiopians kept their freedom through a successful military resistance. Emperor Menelik II modernized the army, along with roads, bridges, and schools. When the Italians invaded they were defeated so badly by Menelik that no other Europeans tried to take Ethiopia.

Ethiopia Menelik

Positive Results Negative Results 1. Unified national states created 1. Encouraged tribal wars by creating artificial borders 2. Improved medical care, sanitation, and nutrition 2. Created population explosion famine 3. Increased agricultural production 3. Produced cash crops needed by Europeans, and not food for Africans 4. Improved transportation and communication facilities 4. Exploited natural resources: minerals, lumber, rubber, human rights. 5. Expanded educational opportunities 5. Downgraded traditional African culture westernization

European Imperialism by 1914 Britain France Germany Belgium Home Area (Square Miles) 94, 000 212, 600 210, 000 11, 800 Home Population (Millions) 45. 5 42 67. 5 8. 3 Global Colonial Area (Millions of Sq. Miles) 13. 1 4. 3 1. 1 . 94 Global Colonial Population (Millions) 470 65 13 13

European Imperialism by 1914 Region Australia Africa Asia Percentage Colonized 100% 90. 4% 56. 5% Americas 27. 2%