1 Washingtons Presidency Served 2 terms1789 to 1797

1. Washington’s Presidency Ø Served 2 terms---1789 to 1797 Ø VP: John Adams 2. US Problems = Solutions Ø Government on paper but not in practice Ø Precedents Ø Develops first Ø Cabinet----Hamilton vs Jefferson Ø Supreme Court Ø Debt Farmers refuse to Ø Excise taxes and tariffs Ø Bank of United States (BUS) in 1792 pay Whiskey tax to US Govt. Ø Confidence in new Constitution “Mobocracy” Ø Whiskey Rebellion Ø Successfully put down by Washington, 1794 notes 1

3. Accomplishments Ø Political achievements Ø Supreme Court---Judiciary Act of 1789 Ø treaties Created lowers courts to assist the Supreme Court

ØDomestic Achievements: ØSecures westward expansion ØJay’s Treaty— 1793 ---Great Britain ØPicnkney’s Treaty— 1795 ---Spain ØDebt solutions ØExcise taxes and tariffs Farmers refuse to pay ØBank of United States (BUS) Whiskey tax to US ØEnforced Constitution Govt. “Mobocracy” ØWhiskey Rebellion ØDemonstrated strength of new government ØForeign Achievements ØNo war with Great Britain or Spain ØFrench Revolution---1789 to 1800 ---US response ØNeutrality Act---Washington warns = stay out ØCornerstone of US foreign policy = isolationism ØWashington’s Farewell Speech ØTwo ways the US can stay unified and strong ØAvoid political parties

Wash inaugural • New Constitution and Government take effect on April 30, 1789. • Washington begins his presidency in New York City and alternates between there and Philadelphia. • Capital city at this time was New York City.

Precedents are models, examples or influences other Presidents would follow What to call the President? Mr. President sets their own personal style Cabinet appointed by President and advises him VP has no official duties President acts independent from Congress relies on the advice of the President Served 2 terms and stepped aside for someone else edents prec

cabinet Cabinet advises the President and heads up an agency of the government Department of State-----Foreign affairs • Thomas Jefferson----Secretary of State Department of Treasury---Financial affairs • Alexander Hamilton—Secretary of the Treasury Department of War----------Military affairs • Henry Knox----Secretary of War General- Attorney -----------Legal affairs • Edmund Randolph---Department of Justice Postmaster General----------Postal system • Samuel Osgood

First 10 Amendments to the Constitution in 1791 Rights and freedoms won in the Revolution are preserved and protected… 1. FREEDOM of Religion, Press, Speech, Assembly, Petition 2. RIGHT TO KEEP AND BEAR ARMS 3. No QUARTERING of soldiers in peacetime 4. NO UNREASONABLE SEARCH and SEIZURE 5. PROTECTION of ACCUSED 6. RIGHT TO A SPEEDY, PUBLIC TRIAL BY JURY 7. TRIAL BY JURY IN CIVIL SUITS 8. NO EXCESSIVE FINES or CRUEL PUNISHMENT 9. POWERS RESERVED TO THE PEOPLE 10. POWERS RESERVED TO THE STATES

• President Washington appoints 6 justices to the Supreme Court • 3 from North and 3 from South • Judiciary Act of 1789, Congress created lower courts to assist the Supreme Court. John Jay first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court

• Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson played a valuable role in the beginning of our nation. • Both were visionaries and influenced the direction our country would go economically, politically and socially. • President Washington was stuck in the middle of these two men as they argued over our country’s beginnings.

Foreign Debt $11, 710, 000 Federal Domestic Debt $42, 414, 000 State Debt $21, 500, 000 Congress & Sec. of Treasury Alexander Hamilton solve debt problems: • Pay off $80 million debt • Excise tax: Taxes placed on manufactured products • Tariff: a tax on imports • Establish good credit with foreign nations • Create a national bank with a national currency Misc. Revenue Excise Tax on Whiskey Custom Duties (Tariffs) Compromise with Thomas Jefferson called the Assumption Act led to the creation of Washington, D. C. • Raise money for govt backed by gold silver

BUS HAMILTON JEFFERSON • Safe place to deposit and transfer money • Against the Constitution • Provide loans to government and state banks • A national currency---$$$$$ • An investment by people to buy stock into US bank • State banks would collapse • Only wealthy could invest in bank and would control bank than control the government • Hurt the common man • Constitution did not forbid a national bank…. Loose construction of Constitution • Strict construction…If it is not mentioned in the Constitution than there can’t be a national bank. • National debt good for country • Against a national debt

Whiskey Rebellion Whiskey Rebels refused to pay the excise tax that was passed by Congress and signed into law by President Washington…. Believed this tax was unfair because it was taxing their income…… whiskeymap

• Farmer’s revolt in western Pennsylvania. • Refused to pay Hamilton’ s excise tax • Believed it was an unfair tax. • Were called the “Whiskey Rebels”

Whiskey • Issue at hand was testing the power of the new Constitution Outcome: • Demonstrated to the people that this new constitution was powerful enough to put down domestic rebellions, “mobocracy” • Showed the power of President Washington reviews 13, 000 troops of the national Western Army assembled at Fort Cumberland, government Maryland, to crush the Whiskey Rebellion.

political Federalist Beliefs Leader Appealed to Ideas of Government Domestic Policy Foreign Policy Alexander Hamilton John Adams Manufacturers, merchants, wealthy and educated…. Favored seaboard cities Strong government over states Loose Construction of Constitution • Implied powers Wealthy and educated involved Limit freedoms of speech & press Preferred govt. similar to a king Supported National Bank—BUS Supported excise tax National debt good for country National govt. assume state debts Tariffs should be high Opposed French Revolution Wanted war with French Favored the British (former Anti-Federalists) Democratic-Republicans Thomas Jefferson James Madison Farmers and Planters common man Favored the South and West State’s rights over National Govt. Strict construction of Constitution • Expressed/Enumerated powers Common man but educated Bill of Rights is sacred Lesser government the better Against National Bank—BUS Against excise tax Against National debt States pay their own debts Tariffs should be low Supported French Revolution Opposed war with French Favored the French

• Began in 1790’s, unfair taxation and inequality---worldwide crisis • Overthrow King Louis 16 th and Marie Antoniete • similar to King George • Americans believed we should help the French----similar to ours

• Executions of King Louis the 16 th and Marie Antoniette in 1793. • Begins “Reign of Terror” during French Revolution where 40, 000 opponents of the new govt. were beheaded. • France goes to war against European kings • France requested US ships to block West Indies from the British • President Washington declared Neutrality and ordered Americans to avoid this war

farewell Whereas it appears that a state of war exists between Austria, Prussia, Sardinia, Great Britain and the United Netherlands, of the one part and France on the other; and the duty and interest of the U. S. require, that they should with sincerity and good faith adopt and pursue a conduct friendly and impartial toward the belligerent powers.

farewell I have therefore thought fit by these presents to declare the disposition of the U. S. to observe the conduct aforesaid towards those Powers respectfully; and to exhort and warn the citizens of the U. S. carefully to avoid all acts and proceedings whatsoever, which may in any manner tend to contravene such disposition…. April 1793 • President Washington’s response to the French was to warn Americans to stay out these European conflicts and remain neutral or avoid. • Why?

• Most Americans (Jefferson and Paine) were upset with Washington’s Neutrality. • Washington’s Neutrality decision was based on the long term U. S. self interest. • Preserve and protect the infant nation Thomas Paine On Washington’s Neutrality “And as to you, sir, treacherous in private friendship (for so you have been to me, and that in the day of danger) and a hypocrite in public life, the world will be puzzled to decide, whether you are an apostate or an importer; whether you have abandoned good principles, or whether you ever had any. ”

Conflicts with Britain • British made neutrality difficult: maintained trading posts on US soil, sold firearms to Indians. • Collaborated with Indians to check US expansion to frontier.

• President Washington faced several Indian problems. • British were supplying the tribes with arms and ammunition to attack US settlers. • Washington sent General “Mad Anthony” Wayne to defeat the Indian tribes.

War in the Old Northwest Territory Several tribes, led by Little Turtle of the Miamis, scored early victories (1790– 91) The Miamis were defeated at Fallen Timbers by General Mad Anthony Wayne (1794)

War in the Old Northwest Territory Treaty of Greenville • (1795) gave USA right to settle most of Ohio • First formal recognition of Indian sovereignty over land not ceded by treaty

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Conflicts with Britain • British expected Americans to defend French West Indies, so attacked US merchant ships, seizing about 300 – Impressed and imprisoned American sailors. • Jeffersonians called for war • Federalists resisted (financial system).

impressment Impressment An act of kidnapping a ship, its contents, men and forcing them into your navy §France began impressing our ships and sailors because of our Neutrality Proclamation. §France upset because we violated the Franco American Treaty of 1778.

Jay’s Treaty • To avoid war, Washington sent Chief Justice John Jay to London (1794). • Jeffersonian’s concerned about Jay’s loyalty. • Hamilton feared war with England, secretly supplied British with US bargaining strategy.

Jay’s Treaty • British remove forts from US soil • Allowed US to negotiate separate treaties with Indian tribes John Jay is burnt in effigy because Americans believed he sold out to the British. • Opened westward expansion for US settlers.

Jay’s Treaty • British agree to pay some damages, but required US to pay old debts on pre. Revolution accounts. John Jay is burnt in effigy because Americans believed he sold out to the British. • Jeffersonian’s felt treaty was surrender to Britain, betrayal of South (who had debts). • Did not stop impressment.

Jay’s Treaty • Jay’s Treaty gave life to new Democratic. Republican party, tarnished Wash. ’s popularity. • Spain, fearing US-British alliance, gives US free use of Mississippi, disputed territory north of FL.

Spain cut off our farmers right to use the Mississippi River and deposit their crops in New Orleans. Picnkneys Pinckney’s Treaty: Spain gave US the free use of the Mississippi River for 5 yrs. and the boundary was set at 31 st parallel between Spanish Florida and US……

farewell • Washington warned of the dangers of political parties and permanent alliances with other nations. • Washington’s warning against “entangling alliances” became a principle of U. S. foreign policy. “Europe has a set of primary interests which to us have none or a very remote relation…. Our detached and distant situation invites and enables us to pursue a different course…. . It is our true policy to steer clear of permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign world……Taking care always to keep ourselves by suitable establishments on a respectable defensive posture, we may safely trust to temporary alliances for extraordinary emergencies”…. . 1796

§ Washington is convinced that Americans must stay neutral and avoid foreign affairs associated with all the British and foreign continents--- ”GOOD HISTORIAN” §Washington displayed this in 1793 by the Proclamation of Neutrality and his Farewell Address in 1796. §No entangling alliances……. US should avoid ……. military alliances with Europe……. continue to trade with Europe §Neutrality = Isolation

1. Election of 1796 • Rise of Political parties • Adams 2 nd president---Jefferson VP • Serves 1 term---1797 to 1801 Federalist Democratic Republican 2. Foreign relations----possible war with France—Why? • US neutrality, treaty of 1778 and Jay’s Treaty • US upset----”impressment” of our ships • Adams negotiates with France to keep US out of war • XYZ Affair Congress creates the • US apologize Dept. of the Navy and • Loan France money US Marines • $250, 0000 bribe • Americans demand war with France • Undeclared naval war---US vs France-1798 - 1800 3. President Adams prepares US for war…. • Alien and Sedition Act— 1798

4. VP Jefferson & Madison against these laws. . ”Responses” • Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions • if US law violates the Constitution, the states can refuse to obey it…. ”nullification” • Why? Compact theory: States created national government and have the right to nullify any law they believe is unconstitutional • State’s rights vs national govt. conflict 5. Adams vs. Napoleon Bonaparte to keep US out of war • Treaty agreement • Abandon treaty of 1778 • US drop the claims against France • Adam’s accomplishment: • Kept US “neutral” and out of war • Sacrifices his presidency and will not be re-elected • Why? Went against people and Federalists

Adams Becomes President 1796 campaign • Adams was supported by New England Federalists – Defeated Jefferson 71 -68 in Electoral College – Jefferson becomes VP • France and US close to war. – Jay’s Treaty – US not honoring the Franco. American Treaty of 1778

Fighting with France • French upset by US violation of France-US treaty of 1778 • Upset with Jay’s Treaty toward alliance with England • French warships impressed over 300 US merchant ships by 1797

Fighting with France • 1798 -1800: In undeclared hostilities, mostly around West Indies • US captured over 80 French ships but lost several hundred to France. • Needed only slight push for war.

üTo avoid war with France, President Adams sent 3 US representatives (John Marshall, Charles Pinckney and John Jay) to negotiate a peace agreement…. . Adams Tallyrand üUS representatives were snubbed by the French government…… President Adams on the XYX Affair…. ”I will üEventually, 3 French representatives (known as X, Y and Z because they never send another refused to give their names) minister to France üXYZ demanded a bribe of $250, 000 without assurances to merely talk with Tallyrand that he will be received, respected, and üInsulted, we refused the demands and left France… honored as the representative of a üUS & French begin to fight an great, free, powerful undeclared naval war. and independent nation. ”

• XYZ Affair • French demanded an apology • Demanded a $12 million loan.

“The French government would permit us to remain at Paris and we should be received by Talleyrand one of us could go to American and consult our government on the subject of the loan. We had no reason to believe that a possible benefit could result from it. And we desired him to tell his government that we would not give a shilling unless American property unjustly captured was previously restored and further hostilities suspended… Unless this was done, we did not think that we could even consult our government concerning a loan…. . ”

Fighting with France • Americans wanted war and were heard to say • “millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute” • US prepares for war, expands navy, creates the US Marine Corps.

Patriotism Above Party • Hamilton and the war-hawk Federalists enraged, but most Americans agreeable to try for peace • 1800: new US envoys come to find Napoleon as new dictator – Wants to resolve US conflict

Patriotism Above Party • New French leader, Napoleon and Talleyrand did not want war, or to push the US to Britain • French send back-channel message that new US minister would be received properly • 1799: Adams submits to Senate new minister to France

Adams Napoleon • To prevent a war with France, in 1800, President Adams sent representatives to France to meet with Napoleon and Tallyrand to negotiate a peace agreement…. . • Tallyrand guarantees France would accept our representatives and treat them with respect. The agreement was as follows:

Adams Napoleon • Convention of 1800 signed: – ended Franco-American alliance • Adams deserves credit: –Avoided war –Unknowingly laid foundation for LA Purchase • Adams sacrificed his re-election in 1800 to keep US out of war –Patriotism above self-interest Adams/napoleon

Federalist Witch Hunt • 1798: Using anti-French hysteria, Federalists in Congress passed the Alien & Sedition Acts • Alien Laws: raised residency required for citizenship to 14 years (from 5), resulting in fewer Democratic-Republican voters

Federalist Witch Hunt • Sedition Act violated Constitution, but Federalist SC would not overturn • Law wrote to expire in 1801 in case Federalists lost election • Despite violation of freedoms, Acts were very popular

• “That if any person shall write, print, utter, or publish, or shall cause or procure to be written, printed, uttered or published, or shall knowingly and willingly assist in any false, • Scandalous and malicious writing or writings against the government of the United States, or either house of Congress or the President of the United States, • Then such person, being thereof convicted before any court of the United States, shall be punished by a fine not exceeding two thousand dollars and by imprisonment not exceeding two years……”

ISSUE: Does the United States Govt have the right to suspend your rights (Bill of Rights) in time of crisis (such as war) to protect the national security of the country? ALIEN ACT: Congress gave President Adams the power to deport any immigrant who was considered a risk to national security…. Also, changed naturalization (immigrants who want to become citizens) from 5 years to 14 yrs… SEDITION ACT: Congress gave President Adams special powers to arrest anyone who spoke out against the war effort…. Primarily against Jefferson’s Democratic/Republicans and newspaper editors who opposed the war…. .

Kty/va resolutions Jefferson’s and Madison’s response to the Sedition Act…. . They tried to convince the other states not to support the Sedition Act…. It failed and the Sedition Act remained the law until 1801. DOCTRINE OF NULLIFICATION: Since the States created the National Government, they have the right to nullify, cancel or decide not to obey a law they believed was unconstitutional …. COMPACT THEORY: Belief Jefferson and Madison held that since the states created the National Govt. and the states entered into this compact voluntarily, they have the right to refuse to obey any law they believe is unconstitutional…

VA & KY Resolutions • Jefferson (secretly) & Madison write resolutions adopted by KY & VA legislatures arguing “nullification” • US government had overstepped its bounds ~ “compact” with states had been violated

VA & KY Resolutions • As a result, states could “nullify” federal laws ~ specifically the Alien & Sedition Acts • Federalist response: it’s people, not states, that formed union

• That the General Assembly protests against the alarming infractions of the Constitution, in the "Alien and Sedition Acts" passed at the last session of Congress. • That this state having by its Convention, expressly declared, that among other essential rights, "the Liberty of Conscience and of the Press cannot be cancelled, abridged, restrained, or modified by any authority of the United States, " • The General Assembly appeals to the other states, in confidence that they will concur that the acts are unconstitutional and that the necessary and proper measures will be taken by each in maintaining the Authorities, Rights, and Liberties, referred to the States respectively, or to the people.

politicalparties 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) FEDERALISTS Alexander Hamilton/John Adams Led by merchants, bankers and lawyers living primarily in New England. Favored a strong central government. Interpreted the Constitution loosely--- ”implied powers” Believed in a government by the elite, educated and wealthy. Pro-England. Favored Hamilton's financial policies----support BUS Vision for US: Trade center, industry and self-sufficient. DEMOCRATIC-REPUBLICANS 1) Thomas Jefferson/James Madison. 2) Led by planters, farmers and wage earners living primarily in the South and West. 3) Favored strong state governments over national government. 4) Interpreted the Constitution strictly--- “enumerated powers” 5) Rule by the educated masses. 6) Pro-France. 7) Opposed Hamilton's financial policies---against BUS 8) Vision for US: Agricultural society, little trade and industry