1 Urban Climate and Mobility Urban Transportation Module

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Urban Climate and Mobility Urban Transportation Module 6

Topics to be addressed: mobility I. III. IV. V. VII. 3 Definitions Why climate change? Adaptation response strategies Mitigation: technology responses Mitigation: logistical responses Comprehensive response strategies Summary Urban Climate and Mobility - Urban Transportation

Definitions Mobility or transportation? • Mobility is transportation: the movement of people from one point to another for a PURPOSE or ACTIVITY (Study, Work, Shopping, See friends, Recreate, etc. ) by a MODE (Walking, Bike, Auto, Moto, Bus, Tram, Rickshaw, Train, Taxi, Plane, Other). transportation? • TRANSPORTATION = MOBILITY • 4 Basic measures of mobility: • number of trips person; • distance travelled by person (trips*km); • distance travelled by mode (veh*km); Urban Climate and Mobility - Urban Transportation mobility?

Basic Factors - Urban Mobility of Persons Factors: § Population growth & structure (young vs. old) § Gender § Level of econ. development (high, emergent, low) § Urban form & density (compact, poly-nuclear , or sprawled pattern) § Cost of transportation and alternatives ($ & time) § Supply of Public Transportation § Intermodality (air - train - metro - bus - car - bike - walking) § Accessibility of motorized modes (income & legislation) § Cultural factors – mentalities § Climate § Policy orientation (individual motorized - public transport - non-motorized modes) 5 The value of mobility depends on many different factors Urban Climate and Mobility - Urban Transportation

II. Why relate to climate change? Effects of climate change on mobility Effects of mobility on climate change Other concerns apart form climate change Transportation is both: a victim and a cause of climate change

Climate and mobility II Why worry about climate change? 1. Effects of climate change on mobility Transport engineers and planners need to worry about the impact on climate change for the design and operation of transportation systems and the related infrastructures. Related responses are adaptation strategies. 7 Urban Climate and Mobility - Urban Transportation Climate change may occasionally cause problems to mobility

Effects of mobility on climate change Summary of climate impacts: Ø higher temperatures, more heat waves Road surface and tires may melt or suffer deformation, like rails, too. Bridges may crack due to expansion from heat. Passengers may suffer health problems (like heat strokes) in overheated trains, cars etc. Car engines may overheat and stop working. Extra expenses of air-conditioning in vehicles. Ø more droughts, changed water availability Dust and sand on roads represent a safety problem and turn surface slippery once the rain falls. Ø more cold spells Ice and snow may block roads and deactivate signals and power lines. Ø more extreme rain, more flooding and extreme floods Landslides and damage to road infrastructure may interrupt transportation lines. Tunnels get flooded, rail and road unusable or not reachable. Bridges may get destroyed from overloaded rivers. Corrosion of metal constructions. Increased weathering of infrastructure. Ø more intense and frequent storms Flyovers, lighting, traffic signs, electric rail cables may get damaged, trees and debris may fall on roads an block transport apart from immediately killing travelers. Derailing or overturning of vehicles. Ø sea-level rise, melting of glaciers and permafrost Transport infrastructure may get flooded cannot be used. Road substructure is damaged from penetrating salt. Source. GTZ. Adapting Urban Transport to Climate Change. Eschbor 8 Urban Climate and Mobility - Urban Transportation

Why worry about climate change? I. Definitions II. Why climate change? 2. Effects of mobility on climate change 'Autos stinken' is German for "cars stink“ 9 Urban Climate and Mobility - Urban Transportation

Transportation contributes to climate change I. Definitions II. Why climate change? 2. Effects of mobility on climate change Percentage of U. S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions, 2006 (all gases) Urban transportation is a mayor cause of climate change U. S. Transportation Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Source, 2006 (all gases) Source: http: //climate. dot. gov/about/transportations-role/overview. html (16. 11. 2012 04: 47 10 Urban Climate and Mobility - Urban Transportation

Inefficiency of petrol based automobile engines Typical best case energy flows in a standard-size ICE (Internal Combustion Engine) vehicle at steady state conditions Automobiles are extremely inefficient Source: https: //workspace. imperial. ac. uk/climatechange/Public/pdfs/Briefing%20 Papers/Grantham%20 Briefing%20 paper_Transport%20 mitigation%20 potenti al_October%202010. pdf (16. 11. 2012 04: 47) 11 Urban Climate and Mobility - Urban Transportation

Other concerns about transportation I. Definitions II. Why climate change? Transportation is a drug with many side effects 1. Effects of climate change on mobility 2. Effects of mobility on climate change 3. Other concerns apart form climate change Apart from the role of transportation in the context of climate change there a number of other serious concerns about current mobility practices that can be addressed simultaneously while solving the climate change or are even complementary – like hitting two flies with one stroke. Examples include: § Limited natural resources (especially crude oil) § Accidents & Health hazards connected to transportation § Transport related Pollution (noise and air) § Quality of living and precious life time wasted through current mobility modes 12 Urban Climate and Mobility - Urban Transportation

Petrol is becoming a scarce resource Although comparatively convenient, petrol based mobility will increasingly become a luxury because of the limited resources of crude oil and the resulting price. This makes it mandatory to opt for less fuel consuming alternatives to current aspirations or practice (like collective and mass transport) or to rely on more environmentally friendly alternatives. Pe una trol wil ffor l dab becom le to e was te 13 Urban Climate and Mobility - Urban Transportation

Transportation may affect your health Other concerns apart form climate change §Accidents & Health, Pollution Ø A direct effect of [transportation, particular matter] air pollutants on mortality and respiratory and cardiovascular diseases has emerged only in the last few years Ø Sedentary lifestyle, one of the two most important risk factors for non communicable diseases and early mortality in populations in western countries, is associated with the use of motor vehicles. Ø Around 65% of the people in Europe are exposed to levels of noise [mostly from road traffic] leading to sleep disturbance, speech interference and annoyance. Source: WHO (2000), Transport, Environment and Health. ISBN 92 890 1356 7 14 Urban Climate and Mobility - Urban Transportation in people die n o li il m. 3 1 ar nts each ye e id c c a d a ro in the world

Traffic and quality of life ends p Other concerns apart form climate change s n a c Ameri driving a e g a r § Quality of living e s The av f 5, 42 year lifetime r lo Ø avoid time wasted while sitting in a car a tota % of his/he 7 Ø look out of your window into nature, not onto a noisy road car, or Ø stay fit walking or riding a bicycle to work or for leisure Ø relax reading a book on the train rather than watching out for traffic signs Ø enjoy strolling safely in a pedestrian area without having to worry about traffic hazards Barcelona – pedestrian (2011) 15 Urban Climate and Mobility - Urban Transportation

III. Adaptation response strategies

Adapting Urban Transport to Climate Change es Adaptation translat t, into: retreat, protec accommodate Source: Three fundamental approaches to adaption: § RETREAT, § PROTECT, § ACCOMMODATE example of rising sea water levels 17 Urban Climate and Mobility - Urban Transportation

III. Adaptation response strategies Summary of climate impacts (1) Ø Higher temperatures, more heat waves • Plant trees to provide shadow over squares, streets and parking lots • Plan natural ventilation corridors in the city fabric in the prevailing cooler wind direction • Provide plant cover and urban water surfaces to allow for cooling from evaporation 18 Urban Climate and Mobility - Urban Transportation Cooling by shadowing , evaporation and ventilation

III. Adaptation response strategies Summary of climate impacts (2): Ø more droughts, changed water availability • Raise ground water lever through de-sealing urban ground cover, allow infiltration of rain water • Provide green cover to filter out the dust from the air • Provide non-slippery road surfaces • Build water storage tanks Ø more cold spells § Plan for buses with heating and design a reduced emergency network § Switch to wireless signal controls instead of suspended cables § Decentralized household supply centers in walking distance to avoid need for transportation § Provide space where snow can be piled up when removed from streets and walkways § Prepare for working facilities from home to overcome temporary transportation shortcomings Ø more intense and frequent storms § Basically same provisions as before, but additionally more flexible stand by buses to overcome blocked railroads § Underground refuge shelters in areas where houses are made from light weight material § Build wind breaks/forests around exposed locations 19 Urban Climate and Mobility - Urban Transportation

III. Adaptation response strategies Summary of climate impacts (3) nslates a r t n o ti Adapta eat, protect, tr into: re modate accom Ø more extreme rain, more flooding and extreme floods § Plan for safe roads along the top of elevations in-between valleys for emergency transit § Provide for separate storm drainage to allow fast off-flow of water Ø sea-level rise, melting of glaciers and permafrost § Build roads on elevated dams § Elevated mass transport rather than underground § Introduce water taxi communication in time to complement and substitute transport on low level roads rail lines 20 Urban Climate and Mobility - Urban Transportation

IV. Mitigation strategies: technology responses ation: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Individual motor vehicles Collective motor vehicles Boats Railroads Bicycles & motos Walking Mitig avoid shift ve impro

Sustainable Transport Strategy Responses Mitigation: avoid shift improve Source: Jamie Leather, ADB, jleather@adb. org 22 Urban Climate and Mobility - Urban Transportation

1. Individual motor vehicles: 'avoid' strategy, 3 samples Option A: stop using your car for mobility! Option B: join a car-free neighbourhood Comparison between average living space person (31 sq. m. ) and the legally requested parking space for a car in Germany You could even use your car for urban farming! 23 Instead of a garage for your car you could add extra living space to your house Urban Climate and Mobility - Urban Transportation Option C: live in a neighbourhood where you can reach most needed services on foot Most historic neighbourhoods, urban villages and some new towns allow to live comfortably without need for individual cars ation: Mitig avoid shift improve

1. Individual motor vehicles: 'shift' strategy Examples: A) shift to other means of transport In flat and mid-sized urban areas a bicycle tends to be much more handy than using an individual car Compressed natural gas (CNG) can be used as fuel for cars. Its combustion does produce less greenhouse gases and may be mixed with biogas, produced from landfills or wastewater, which doesn't increase the concentration of carbon C) shift your centre of in the atmosphere. Most historic living to a neighbourhoods, urban neighbourhood where villages and some new you can reach most towns allow to live comfortably without needed services on ation: itig M for individual cars foot B) shift to environmentally friendly fuels avoid shift improve 24 Urban Climate and Mobility - Urban Transportation

1. Individual motor vehicles: 'improve' strategy Examples: A) improve efficiency of car engines : ation g i t i M avoid shift ve impro 1, 5 m B) reduce weight and speed of automobiles 0, 6 1 m 6 1, 3 m DOCK-DOCK is the design for a collective electric city car proposed by Arq. Jaime Lerner, former mayor of Curitiba 25 Urban Climate and Mobility - Urban Transportation Cit in: U. S. Department of Transportation (April 2010). Transportation’s Role in Reducing U. S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions. Volume 1: Synthesis Report. Volume 2: Technical Report to the Congress. Pdf. 605 p. www. – p. 3 -9

CO 2 emissions per passenger mile Collective transportation saves about 50% of CO 2 emissions © Verwood Historical Society Graph: Tina Hodges, US Office of Budget and Policy Federal Transit Administration, 2009 26 Urban Climate and Mobility - Urban Transportation

Mobility modes: Capacity of road mass transportation tive Collec s on save i t a t r o transp 0% of CO 2 5 about sions emis Mass transit can provide: • Savings in time • Savings in operation costs • Reduction of accidents • More efficient land use • Savings in CO 2 eq. emissions Transportation capacity for 10, 000 persons for 1 km Source. www. brtmetrobogota. com 27 Urban Climate and Mobility - Urban Transportation

2. Collective transport: motor vehicles Anarchic mix of private buses in Barranquilla, Colombia Locally produced buses in Metro Manila, Philippines Urban and intercity collective minivans, throughout Afri 1. Buses are an efficient means of transport that only produces a fraction CO 2 compared to cars 2. But if operated by many individual and competing owners they multiply the problems of private cars 3. Co-operative operation can help to make best use of the fleet and to allow free interchange between lines. Then they can substitute and complement beneficially other modes of transport 4. So called Bus Rapid Transport systems (BRT) have been introduced based on the same arguments Green City buses operating in Nairobi. Kenya 28 The first ever introduced BRT system in Curitiba An improvised BRT system in Cuba in the 1990 s Bus shuttle service in C Urban Climate and Mobility - Urban Transportation

BRT (Bus Rapid Transport) characteristics ● Exclusive right of way lanes ● Reformed business and institutional structures ● Rapid boarding and alighting ● Free transfers between routes ● Pre-board fare collection and fare verification ● Enclosed stations that are safe and comfortable ● Clear route maps, signage and real-time information displays. ● Modal integration at stations and terminals ● Clean vehicle technologies ● Excellence in marketing and customer service ). Source: Wright, L. (2004) Bus Rapid Transit Planning Guide (Eschborn: GTZ 29 Urban Climate and Mobility - Urban Transportation www. brtmetrobogota. com

2. Collective motor vehicles for short distances Rickshaws in Hyderabad, 1983 The zero-emission Asian bicycle rickshaws were first adapted with motor engines to reach a wider operation radius. Anti-pollution legislation like in Delhi forced the producers to switch to CNG, LPG or battery powered motor rickshaws which makes them less noisy and environmentally friendly. Such a vehicle is currently sold at US$ 1, 500, -. Small mobility needs small vehicles Motor Rickshaw in Delhi 2011 30 Urban Climate and Mobility - Urban Transportation Minibus Low-Floor, Rome 2011

3. Boats / water transportation Traditional water taxis in Dhaka, Bangladesh 31 Urban Climate and Mobility - Urban Transportation Zero emission water taxis in Bangladesh

3. Boats: modern water taxis no street investment for water taxis! Cities on the waterfront or with rivers and canals can use water taxis to avoid traffic congestion, reduce the demand for sealed road surfaces and avoid the need for use of cars. Classical examples in the West are Venice, or Bangkok in the East. Water taxi in Vancouver 32 Urban Climate and Mobility - Urban Transportation Water taxis in Seattle http: //www. kingcounty. gov/ transportation/kcdot/Water Taxi. aspx

4. Railroads: suburban railways Modern electrically powered railways can help to reduce climate change since the power supply can easily switch between different, including renewable, energy sources. In addition, they occupy lass surface on the land than streets and thus allow a higher percentage of greenery. Tirana defunct railways Electric trains can run on any primary energy source Many railway tracks have been abandoned over the last decades but can be retrofitted to accommodate suburban traffic, i. e. in the form of light rail. This represents a good opportunity to alleviate suburban commuting traffic which has become unaffordable to many workers due to increase in fuel costs. Existing big cities with high densities rely partly on underground rail. In spite of their high initial installation costs they provide the same ecological advantages as surface rail. . Paris- automatic metro 33 Urban Climate and Mobility - Urban Transportation

Costs of different infrastructures $US M/km LRT Vancouver, Canaca, 2008 Constructing an underground metro costs at least 10 times as much as a BRT Source: Arias, César (dic. 2005). Nuevas tecnologías y sus impactos en el comportamiento de los usuarios, Diálogo regional en transporte urbano- región andina, 38 p. Pdf 34 Urban Climate and Mobility - Urban Transportation

Alternatives of mass transit and detailed costs Cost in thousand $US/km in 2006 Alternatives: -Current Situation -Bus Lanes -Light Rail -Metro -BRT Costs of: -Infrastructure -Maintenance -Equipment -Operation -Total Source: Castro, Angélica (2008). Ejemplos de BRT’s en Latinoamerica y el Mundo, GTZ. Ppt, 31 p. www. 35 Urban Climate and Mobility - Urban Transportation

4. Railroads: trams and light rail Electric streetcars were popular up to some 50 years ago but then lost ground against buses who needed less fixed investments, were more flexible towards switching demands and also cheaper to operate in an age of cheap fuel. All over the world new tram lines have been opened all over the world – because of their higher acceptability among travelers, their higher capacity and their Strasbourg, France 2009 environmental advantages 36 Urban Climate and Mobility - Urban Transportation Street cars have become the most popular means to move in the city

4. Railroads: trams / street cars Some trams can even operate on regular railway tracks It is also possible to adapt trams to dual electricity provision which allows them to circulate within the conventional urban tram grid as well as on the national railway lines. This allows passengers to reach distant towns right from the city center without need to change trains – like in the case of Karlsruhe in Germany featured in this photo. 37 Urban Climate and Mobility - Urban Transportation

Bicycles & motos Cycling La Habana, Cuba, 1991 Although representing the main (and less polluting) means of transport in many places world wide a couple of decades ago, mass motorization has changed the picture. However, the unexpected traffic problems resulting from this development let to a rediscovery of the bicycle as means of mass mobility apart from being a sports gear for some. like trams, bicycles are conquering cities once again Recent innovations are the city wide bicycle renting systems like in the example of Paris, where the first 30 minutes are even free of charge. . 38 Urban Climate and Mobility - Urban Transportation Beijing, China - May 1994 Paris, France. May 2011

Bicycles & motos ay dot you m d e r y r e v e At blic bike in u p a p u k pic Barcelona Public bicycle pools in Barcelona 2011 39 Urban Climate and Mobility - Urban Transportation

Bicycles infrastructure As the experience of massive introduction of bicycles in Cuba 1989 showed, the availability of massive infrastructure like cycling lanes, repair shops, safe parking etc. is crucial for the success of such a program. Other cities have learned from that experience and foresee adequate amenities in time. Cycle way in Naples, 2012 40 ikes for b s t e e r St Urban Climate and Mobility - Urban Transportation Safe bicycle garage Amsterdam Cycle way in Bogota, 2006

E-bikes A recent innovation are the ebikes which support the driver when going up-hill, to extend the mobility circle or even to attain a higher speed. Provided that the battery recharge is based on renewable energy GHG emissions are not generated during operation. e-bikes are the most environmentally friendly motorized vehicle Source: World Bank Development Report 2010 , p. 329. Moto taxis in Vietnam, 1910 Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, 1910 41 Urban Climate and Mobility - Urban Transportation

Bicycles & motos As cities grow bigger, the larger commuting distances cannot be covered by bicycles any more. Therefore in some Asian cities, like Ho Chi Minh City, motos still outnumber cars by far. They still produce GHG emissions and noise pollution, but much less than the same number of cars would do. e move th y l l a u d i an indiv sons in Motos c umber of per n largest rrow streets na 42 Urban Climate and Mobility - Urban Transportation Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, 2010

Bicycles & motos Moto taxis are popular in poorer countries and can represent an important share of employment Moto parking remains an unresolved problem 43 Urban Climate and Mobility - Urban Transportation Motos do however compete with lic pedestrians for pub space Moto taxis in Vietnam, 2010

6. Walking A ped ll peop es le step trians o are n out of th ce they eir c ar In most poorer countries the majority of the population displaces by walking. However, their existence (not to speak of their equal right to the city) seems to be ignored by the planners. Dharavi informal settlement in Mumbai India, 2011) 44 Urban Climate and Mobility - Urban Transportation

6. Walking Wa dem lking is ocra the mo tic mob mean st s of ility In most rich countries certain streets are reserved only for pedestrians, and nobody seems to be missing the cars. It would not cost anything to offer this luxury to the even higher ratio of pedestrians in poorer countries the same. Ciudade Baixa, Lisbon, Portugal, 2011) 45 Urban Climate and Mobility - Urban Transportation

Greenery 46 Urban Climate and Mobility - Urban Transportation

V. Mitigation: logistical responses 1. Modes of transportation 2. Modal split 3. Traffic flow management n: Mitigatio avoid shift improve

Modes of transportation LONG TERM TRENDS OF MOBILITY by MODE 1880 - 2000 The relative composition between different modes of transport is called MODAL SPLIT 48 Urban Climate and Mobility - Urban Transportation

Modal split between cars and two-wheelers Car & Motorized Two-wheelers – World Poor & Rich n twee rs e b t li le al sp o-whee d o M nd tw a s r ca Source: UITP Millennium Cities Database. 2001, Cit in: CERTU (2007). Summary. Mobility and transportation. How can sustainable mobility strategies be developed for cities in the developing countries? Pdf. 12 p, www. systra. com 49 Urban Climate and Mobility - Urban Transportation

Choosing a Mode – a rational decision l iona t a r s a ake n mean m e e pl Peo e betwe tation r c choi transpo of Source: World Bank. Eco 2 Cities. Ecological Cities as Economic Cities (2010). Hiroaki Suzuki, Arish Dastur, Sebastian Moffatt, Nanae Yabuki, Hinako Maruyama, Washington, D. C. , xxviii & 360 p. www. *** Sector note 3: Cities and Transport, pp. 289. 50 Urban Climate and Mobility - Urban Transportation

Modal split between cars and two-wheelers g are the n li c y c d n a Walking sport for n a r t f o s ean fastest m ances short dist Door-to-door time requirements for different modes and distances. Source: Bracher, T. (1987): Konzepte für den Radverkehr, Bielefeld. p. 45 Distance in km. Comparison between different transit systems Source: CERTU (2007). Summary. Mobility and transportation. How can sustainable mobility strategies be developed for cities in the developing countries? Pdf. 12 p, 51 Urban Climate and Mobility - Urban Transportation

Modal split between cars and two-wheelers The table shows the modal split between mobility modes in different German and Swiss cities. The huge differences show that the choice depends on external factors, such as topography, cost, time, fares and – last but not least – local politics. Trips made per inhabitant excl. commuters rtant o p m i st he mo the modal t e r a s e Politic to influenc sport n le variab t of local tra i spl 52 Urban Climate and Mobility - Urban Transportation Bike, walki ng Bus, tram etc Car, moto

Density and Modal Choice (Large Cities) alking and w e t a it il c ies fa el High densit lts in less fu u s e r h ic h w cycling, n consumptio Higher Density More non-motor. modes; less social cost; less km; less cons. energy Source: World Bank. Eco 2 Cities. Ecological Cities as Economic Cities (2010). Hiroaki Suzuki, Arish Dastur, Sebastian Moffatt, Nanae Yabuki, Hinako Maruyama, Washington, D. C. , xxviii & 360 p. www. *** Sector note 3: Cities and Transport, pp. 269. 53 Urban Climate and Mobility - Urban Transportation

Transport options and co-benefits t portan m i t s o re the m ce the modal a s c i t i l n Po o influe ansport t e l b a i var ocal tr l f o t i l sp 54 Urban Climate and Mobility - Urban Transportation

Traffic flow management: traffic calming be cious to e r p o o t ce is Road spa only for storing used iles automob Paris, France 2009 Reducing the road width, cobble stone paving, zebra crossings and bumpers will induce the drivers to slow down. Slower speed reduces petrol consumption and CO 2 emission. Bad Soden, Germany 2010 55 Urban Climate and Mobility - Urban Transportation Rome 2012 Isfahan, Iran 2008

Traffic flow management: traffic calming Car use of streets can be restricted to certain hours, which permits to make alternative use of road space for strolling, street restaurants or sports activities Drawing by the Jordanian architect Rasem Badran Madrid 2008 56 Urban Climate and Mobility - Urban Transportation Rome 2012 Barcelona 2011

Traffic flow management: pedestrianisation Pedestrian streets are permanently closed to traffic, except for deliveries at certain periods Arab Street, Singapore, 2010 57 Urban Climate and Mobility - Urban Transportation

Traffic flow management: road pricing Every motor vehicle entering inner city London needs to pay the congestion charge. Chronic traffic jams have ceased now. The congestion charge for London is £ 10 on the day (or before) or £ 12 if paid the following day. Hours of operation are 07: 00 to 18: 00, Monday to Friday. There is no congestion charge on weekends, public holidays, between Christmas Day and New Year’s Day inclusive, or between 18: 00 and 07: 00 st per o c t n e s vestm er 30 year n i n a v o cit in: Kennedy (2010) in World Bank , Energy efficient cities, p. is gives saved 00 a ton Th O 2 C 176. lte S 90. annua oughly $U Contrary to general traffic calming of r the congestion charge is income selective Source: http: //london-congestion-charge. net / 58 Urban Climate and Mobility - Urban Transportation

Traffic flow management: 'smart' controlling The promise of the 'smart city' suggest to optimize traffic flow and use of energy through intelligent electronic regulation. Traffic lights will be adapted to demand as will be road charges which may thus change within minutes. Even the speed and steering of individual automobiles can be centrally controlled. Traffic smog in Beijing 2010 59 Urban Climate and Mobility - Urban Transportation Chinese highway without traffic flow management below, and - maybe -with it above

Traffic emission reduction through norms & taxes The mo re you p more y ollute, the ou pay The price of petrol has a direct effect on the choice of modal shifts. It can be regulated through lifting of subsidies on fuel and by taxing it. Petrol station in Cape Town 2002 European Union emissions norms rule the acceptable limits for exhaust emissions of new vehicles sold in EU member states. Euro 1 to 6 define the staging the progressive introduction of increasingly stringent standards. Source http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/European_emission_standards 60 Urban Climate and Mobility - Urban Transportation Progression of European emission standards for Diesel cars

VI. Comprehensive response strategies 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. tion a g i mit same , n o tati gh the p a ad hrou f o ion iteria t re t a su bin ial cr a e m o m C d soc n a Greens Pollution Congestion Health Global equity Road space and the right to the city

Transport policies and plus-benefits Tac klin g pol emis s l con ution ions, ges + tion A good policy must reduce GHG emissions but also reduce CC impacts and solve other transit problems TDM Transportation demand management refers to ways of making the capacity of our roads more efficient by reducing vehicle demand TOD Transit Oriented Development refers to residential and commercial districts located around a transit station or corridor 62 Urban Climate and Mobility - Urban Transportation

1. Greens The greenhouse gas CO 2 is transformed into C (carbon) and O 2 (oxygen) through plants. Therefore urban greenery can contribute to reducing climate change d to e n e e be gr dapt to n a c ors nd a i r s r n o o it c ssi Trans CO 2 emi arming b lw absor globa Zeil avenue in Frankfurt 1990 Documenta Urbana Jkassel, Germany Car parking can be located underneath trees which also prevent from overheating during sunshine 63 Tram in Grenoble, France 2010 The rail bed of trams and light rail may be planted with lawn which improves the micro climate and absorbs street dust Urban Climate and Mobility - Urban Transportation Street trees can make walking less exhausting like in the case of this main shopping street in Frankfurt, now pedestrianized

2. Pollution: gaseous & particulate matter (PM) Road transport account for up to 30% of fine particulate matter PM which is a serious heath hazard which can lead to premature death, allergies and other diseases, but also contributes to common smog. Concentration is extremely high during traffic peak hours, in street canyons and in a 0. 5 -km-wide belt along major urban highways. Road transport is also the main contributor to emissions of nitrogen dioxide and benzene in cities. ting l u m om of tota c e l c f whi ut hal traffi e r osu rom abo Exp sents PM f to re rep osure exp Hong Kong 2011 Street canyon Relative exposure concentration of PM 2. 5 and the influence of traffic, according to the hour of the day The section bounded by thick lines presents a 24 -hour traffic-generated exposure profile for PM 2. 5. Source: Krzyzanowski, M. et al. (2005). Health effects of transport-related air pollution. WHO (WA 754) 64 Urban Climate and Mobility - Urban Transportation

2. Pollution: noise Traffic tends to be most annoying contributors to noise pollution – representing up to 80% according to the WHO. http: //www. euro. who. int/en/whatwe-do/healthtopics/environmental-health/noise Elevated noise exposure can cause hearing impairment, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, annoyance, and sleep disturbance, changes in the immune system and birth defects. It may to induce tinnitus, vasoconstriction and other cardiovascular impacts. Noise: Health Effects and Controls. Western Region Universities Consortium (WRUC), Labor Occupational Health Program, UC Berkeley. no date. Speed limits, well designed exhausts, tires, street surface or continuous rails, non combustion engines will reduce the noise at origin. Noise barriers, like earth walls and of course the distance to roads can reduce noise transmission. Greenery does not bring measurable effects, but is sub-jectively felt as noise reduction because of its own tranquilizing ambient noise when wind moves the leaves – and it can lower noise reflection from walls. Motor bike in Dharavi, 2011 Wall along railway line in Vancouver, 2006 http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Noise_health_effects 65 Urban Climate and Mobility - Urban Transportation els, t u f tive e effec a n r v alte positi , s t i e lim have a chang d e Spe ery all imate en on cl e r g

3. Congestion Traffic Jam Traffic based GHG emissions are bad. But they are even worse if they occur without any benefit for nobody at all – like in a traffic jam. Some people believe that building extra roads will solve the problem. But evidence shows that better roads attract more traffic and the balance is zero. Hence, the most efficient mean to avoid traffic jams are road closures, pedestrian streets – in combination with good mass transport infrastructure and non motorized mobility 66 Urban Climate and Mobility - Urban Transportation

3. Health & mobility Because physical inactivity [like sitting in a car or airplane for long periods] is a primary risk factor driving the global increase in chronic disease, sport can play a critical role in slowing the spread of chronic diseases, reducing their social and economic burden, and saving lives. Walking or cycling are means of mobility that as a bonus side effect help to keep you fit and healthy while not having any negative effect related to climate change World Urban Forum in Barcelona, 2006 67 Urban Climate and Mobility - Urban Transportation

GHG emissions by rich and poor countries : The size of each pie represents contributions of greenhouse gas emissions, including emissions a-World from land-use changes, from high-, middle-, and b-Highlow-income countries; the respective shares are 35, 58, and 7 percent. Looking only at CO 2 emissions income from energy, the respective shares are 49, and c-Middle 2 percent. High-income countries income Middle-income countries any m e t u ntrib ange as o c s e ntri limate ch ns u o c Rich ore to c oor regio m p times pared to com Is th at fa ir? Low-income countries d-Low-income Source: World Bank develop report 2010, p. 217 68 Urban Climate and Mobility - Urban Transportation

GHG emissions by rich and poor communities Issue of Equity: NOx emissions generated by person in Montreal, 2008 darker colour = more emissions Riche r low- people l iv d abou ensity ne ing in th e t 3 ti i mes ghbourh outskirt more s o than ods pollu in te poor area cent s ral Source: Bertaud, 2001 in Lefèvre, op. cit. Source: Sider, T. et al. , (2012). 69 Urban Climate and Mobility - Urban Transportation

Use of road space Houston, USA The consumption of land for traffic infrastructure indirectly contributes greatly to climate change through surface sealing and reduction of green land or forests. A standard motorway crossing occupies as much land as an entire historical city [here Salzburg in Austria] containing 4000 housing units, 430 enterprises, 16 churches, 13 schools and one university. Street widening scheme in Bangalore, India, 1993. 70 Source: Peter M. Bode et al. (1991). Alptraum Auto. Raben Verliag München, S. 93 Urban Climate and Mobility - Urban Transportation

Road space: a matter of justice? When it comes to investing into the urban transportation infrastructure, individual motorized traffic regularly is benefitting disproportionally. This is particularly true in poor countries where only a minority of the population owns a car. Use of road space in key corridors in Chennai, India Khayelitsha, South Africa, 2002 71 Urban Climate and Mobility - Urban Transportation Source: Michael Replogle (ITDG 2011). Why Transport Sustainability is Fundamental to Sustainable Development

Sharing of road space Neighbourhood street in Beijing, China: no preference to motorized traffic 72 Urban Climate and Mobility - Urban Transportation

VII. Summary

Sustainable mobility policies: mitigation Diminish pollutant GHG emissions from motorized traffic by various means: ü ü ü Better Technology Change Behavior (modal choice) Urban Form Legislation In detail: ü ü ü ü 74 Tax car use – tax on gas and others Control car use before car ownership Penalize use of private car in peak hours Tax parking in Center of cities Promote TDM (Travel Demand Management) measures to reduce carbon intensive trips Expand urban transit services Modify land use in favor of pedestrians and bicycle use Urban Climate and Mobility - Urban Transportation Source: U. S. Department of Transportation (April 2010). Transportation’s Role in Reducing U. S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions. Vol. 1: Synthesis Report. Vol. 2: Technical Report to the Congress. 605 p. ES-6

Policies directed towards motorised traffic ü ü ü ü Introduce low-carbon fuels Increase vehicle fuel economy Improve transportation system efficiency Reduce carbon-intensive travel activity Carbon pricing Improve Transportation Planning Control Urban Sprawl Source: U. S. Department of Transportation (April 2010). Transportation’s Role in Reducing U. S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions. Vol. 1: Synthesis Report. Vol. 2: Technical Report to the Congress. 605 p. ES-6 Promotion of non-motorized modes ü ü Cycle & pedestrian paths Share-a-Bike Public spaces Intermodality Share-a-Bike system in Puebla 2012 75 Urban Climate and Mobility - Urban Transportation

Sustainable mobility policies: adaptation ü Adaptation is crucial, especially in developing countries. ü Adaptation can mute the impact, but not solve the problem of climate change. ü Necessity of strong and early mitigation. Otherwise costs of adaptation will grow rapidly. ü Adaptation benefits will be local in contrast with mitigation ü Examples: ü Winter roads in Manitoba, Canada. Replace 600 km. of ice-based roads by roads on lands with permanent bridges over critical river crossings. ü Managing flood risk in London: important increase of maintenance costs of flood defenses in the Thames. ü Protecting Venice: a costly controversial issue. 76 Urban Climate and Mobility - Urban Transportation

Thank you! Authors: Prof. Yves D. Bussière Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla (BUAP), Puebla, Mexico ydbussiere@yahoo. ca GLOBUS Global Urban Studies Institute International Academy at FU Berlin Prof. Dr. Kosta Mathéy www. globus. eu. com GLOBUS. Global Urban Studies Institute, Berlin Photos without indicated credits were taken by the authors mathey@ina-fu. org 77

VIII. Readings & References

Essential Readings (available on www) • European Communities (1999). Cycling: the way ahead for towns and cities. Authors: J. Dekoster, U. Schollaert, pdf, 63 p. www. • Journeys (nov 2011). Passenger Transport Mode Shares in World Cities. Source: http: //ltaacademy. gov. sg/doc/J 11 Novp 60 Passenger. Transport. Mode. SHares. pdf • Kennedy, Christopher, David Bristow, Sybil Derrible, Eugene Mohareb, Sheyda Saneinejad, Robert Stupka, Lorraine Sugar, Ryan Zizzo, and Bernard Mc. Intyre (2010). “Getting to Carbon Neutral: A Review of Best Practices in Infrastructure Strategy”, in The World Bank (2010). Energy Efficient Cites, Chap. 8, pp. 165 -184. www. • Kenworthy Jr, (2003). “Transport Energy Use and Greenhouse Gases in Urban Passenger Transport Systems: A Study of 84 Global Cities. Presented to the international Third Conference of the Regional Government Network for Sustainable Development, Notre Dame University, Western Australia, Sep. 17 -19, 28 p. pdf. www. • Lefèbre, Benoit (2009). « Urban Transport Energy Consumption : Determinants and Strategies for its Reduction. An Analysis of literature » S. A. P. I. E. N. S. [On line], 2. 3 2009, Online since 07 April 2010. Connection on 05 April 2012. URL : http: //sapiens. Revues. org/914. . www. • Newman Peter & Jeff Kenworthy (2011). ‘Peak Car Use’: Understanding the Demise of Automobile Dependence, World Transport Policy and Practice, Vol. 17. 1 June 2011, pp. 31 -42. • Newman Peter & Jeffrey Kenworthy (2006). Urban Design to Reduce Automobile Dependence. Opolis, Vol. 2, No. 1, 2006 pp. 35 -52 www. • Newman, Peter & Jeff Kenworthy (2000). ‘The Ten Myths of Automobile Dependence”, World Transport Policy & Practice, Volume 6, Number 1, (2000) 15 -25. pdf. 11 p. www. • OECD (2011). Transport Outlook. Meeting the Needs of 9 Billion People. International Transport Forum, 48 p. pdf www. – pp 1 -9. • Stern, Nicholas (2007). Stern Review: The Economics of Climate Change. Pdf. 662 p. www. (Read parts concerning transportation: mitigation, adaptation, case studies – see Executive Summary and Transport _annex). • U. S. Department of Transportation (April 2010). Transportation’s Role in Reducing U. S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions. Volume 1: Synthesis Report. Volume 2: Technical Report to the Congress. Pdf. 605 p. www. 79 Urban Climate and Mobility - Urban Transportation

Other References (available on www) • Alberini, Anna et alii. , (1994)xxx). “Will Speeding the Retirement of Old Cars Improve Air Quality? ” in Resources, No. 115, Spring, pdf, 7 p. www. • Alberini, Anna, David Edelstein, and Virginia D. Mc. Connell (1994). ”Will Speeding the Retirement of Old Cars Improve Air Quality? ”, in The RFF Reader in Environmental and Resource Management (1999). Edited by Wallace E. Oates, Resources for the Future, Washington, D. C. , 1999, pp. 89 -95. www. • Bördlein, Eva. The Munich Bicycle Development Concept. City Development Department, Munich. Pdf. 6 p. www. • CERTU (2007). “Summary. Mobility and transportation. How can sustainable mobility strategies be developed for cities in the developing countries? ” Lyon, pdf. 12 p. www. • CERTU (recent) Sustainable Urban Transport in Mediterranean. Pdf, 3 p. www. • City of Copenhagen ( ) Economic evaluation of cycle projects – methodology and unit prices. Summary. Working paper, 11 p. pdf. www. • Davoudi, Simin, Jenny Crawford and Abid Mehmood (Ed. ) (2009). Reprinted 2010. Planning for Climate Change. Strategies for Mitigation and Adaptation for Spatial Planners. Earthscan publishing for a sustainable future, London, Washington D. C. , xxiv & 319 p. • Elson, Derek (1996). Smog Alert. Managing Urban Air Quality. London, Eathscan Publications Ltd, xiv & 226 p. • EMBARQ (2012). Sustainable Urban Transport in India. Role of the Auto-rickshaw Sector. Authors: Akshay Mani, Madhav Pai, Rishi Aggarwal. Wawhington D. C. , Pdf 44 p. www. • EU. EURFORUM. Strategic Agenda for Urban Mobility. SRA Final Version, prepared by ECTRI (Oct 2007) European Research Forum for Urban Mobility. Pdf, 79 p. www. • European Commission (1999). Cycling : the way ahead for towns and cities Authors : J. Dekoster, U. Schollaert. Pdf. 63 p. www. • Insitituto Nacional de Ecología (March 2006). The Benefits and Costs of a Bus Rapid Transit System in Mexico City. Final Report, 133 p. www. 80 Urban Climate and Mobility - Urban Transportation

Other References (available on www) • Litmann, Todd et al. , (2006). Pedestrian and Bicycle Planning. A Guide to Best Practices. Victoria, B. C. , Victoria Transport Policy Institute, pdf. 88 p. www. • Mani, Akshay et al. (2012) , Sustainable Urban Transport in India : Role of the Auto-rickshaw Sector, pdf, 3 p. www. • Mitric, Slodoban (October 2008). Urban Transport for Development. Towards an Operationally-Oriented Strategy. Washington D. C. , The World Bank Group, Transport Papers TP-22. Pdf. 99 p. www. • Montassar DRAIEF – SYSTRA, BRT Performances v. MRT (sept. 2006). , pdf. 16 p. www. (with examples of Curitiba and Bogota). • New York City Global Partners (2011). Best Practice: Largest Bicycle Path Network. Report May 4. Pdf, 4 p www. • Newman, Peter and Kenworthy, Jeffrey (2006). “Urban Design to Reduce Automobile Dependence”, Opolis: An International Journal of Suburban and Metropolitan Studies, vol. 2, Issue 1, Article 3, pp. 35 -51, pdf. www. • Nicolas, J. -P. , P. Pochet, H. Poimboeuf (year? ). Towards Sustainable Mobility Indicators. Application to the Lyons conurbation. In Transport Policy, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 197 -208. Pdf. www. • Oates, Wallace E. (Ed. ) (1999). The RFF Reader in Environmental and Resource Mnagement. Washington D. C. Resources for the Future. xviii & 310 p. • Ontario Government (2011). Climate Ready. Ontario’s Adaptation Strategy and Action Plan 2011 -2012, Queen’s Printer, 124 p. www. • PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (July 2012). Trends in Global CO 2 Emissions. Background Studies, pdf. 40 p. www. • TRB (2009). Driving and the Built Environment. The Effects of Compact Development on Motorized Travel, Energy Use, and CO 2 Emissions. 257 p. www. • World Resources Institute (2010). Dario Hidalgo, Modernizing Public Transportation (Lessons learned from major bus improvements in Latin America and Asia). Pdf. 44 p. www. 81 Urban Climate and Mobility - Urban Transportation

Other References 82 • Peer 1 Report (2009). Europe Adapts to Climate Change. Comparing National Adaptation Strategies. Rod Stewart, Robbert Biesbroek, Svend Vinnerup, Timothy R. Carter, Caroline Cowan, Thomas Henrichs, Sophie Loquen, Hanna Mela, Michael Morecroft, Motrizt Reese and Daniela Ray. Partnership for European Environmental Research. Sastamala, 282 p. www. peer. eu. • Said, Madami and Difat Adderrahmane (Recent) “The Tram as a Sustainable Mode of Mobility in the City of Setif-Algeria, Conference on Technology & Sustainability in the Built Environment, pdf, 16 p. www. • Smith, Peter F. (2010). Building for a Changing Climate. The Challenge for Construction, Planning and Energy. Earthscan publishing for a sustainable future, London, Sterling, VA, xvi & 184 p. • UE, Sustainable Urban Mobility Plans – Planning for People (Sept. 2011) Guidelines: Developing and Implementing a sustainable urban mobility plan. Pdf, 120 p. Working document. www. Mobilityplans. eu. • United Nationas Centre for Regional Development in colab. With others (August 2010). Public Transport – The Smart, Green Solution. Financing Public Transport. Final Draft. Pdf 30 p. www. • United Nations Human Settlements Programme. UN-HABITAT (2011). Cities and Climate Change: Global Report on Human Settlements 2011. Abridged Edition. London, Washington D. C. , viii & 51 p. www. • United Nations Human Settlements Programme. UN-HABITAT (2011). Cities and Climate Change: Global Report on Human Settlements 2011. Full Report. London, Washington D. C. , xviii &279 p. www. • Villes en développement (dec. 2007). Mobility and urban development. Pdf 12 p. www. (various short articles: mobility and accessibility, informal transport, sustainable strategies for developing cities, urban mobility in Morocco, Bangalore Masterplan, Gauteng Province in South Africa). • World Bank (2010). Convenient Solutions to an Inconvenient Truth. Ecosystem-Based Approaches to Climate Change. Washington D. C, xii & 116 p. (2009 edition in www). • World Bank (2010). Energy Efficient Cities. Assessment and Benchmarking Practices. Edited by Ranjan K. Bose, xviii & 228 p. Washington D. C. , xx & 418 p. www. • World Bank (2010). World Development Report 2010. Development and Climate Change. Washington D. C. , xx & 418 p. www. • World Bank. Daniel Hoornweg, Mila Freire, Marcus J. Lee, Perinaz Bhada-Tata, and Belinda Yuen, Editors. (2011). Cities and Climate Change. Responding to an Urgent Agenda. xiv & 310 p. www. • World Bank. Eco 2 Cities. Ecological Cities as Economic Cities (2010). Hiroaki Suzuki, Arish Dastur, Sebastian Moffatt, Nanae Yabuki, Hinako Maruyama, Washington, D. C. , xxviii & 360 p. www. • Wright, Lloy and Walter Hook, Bus Rapid Transit Guide (June 2007). 3 red ed. Pdf, 45 p. New York, Institute for Transportation & Development Policy, www. Urban Climate and Mobility - Urban Transportation

Other References (may not be in www) 83 • Peer 1 Report (2009). Europe Adapts to Climate Change. Comparing National Adaptation Strategies. Rod Stewart, Robbert Biesbroek, Svend Vinnerup, Timothy R. Carter, Caroline Cowan, Thomas Henrichs, Sophie Loquen, Hanna Mela, Michael Morecroft, Motrizt Reese and Daniela Ray. Partnership for European Environmental Research. Sastamala, 282 p. www. peer. eu. • Said, Madami and Difat Adderrahmane (Recent) “The Tram as a Sustainable Mode of Mobility in the City of Setif-Algeria, Conference on Technology & Sustainability in the Built Environment, pdf, 16 p. www. • Smith, Peter F. (2010). Building for a Changing Climate. The Challenge for Construction, Planning and Energy. Earthscan publishing for a sustainable future, London, Sterling, VA, xvi & 184 p. • UE, Sustainable Urban Mobility Plans – Planning for People (Sept. 2011) Guidelines: Developing and Implementing a sustainable urban mobility plan. Pdf, 120 p. Working document. www. Mobilityplans. eu. • United Nationas Centre for Regional Development in colab. With others (August 2010). Public Transport – The Smart, Green Solution. Financing Public Transport. Final Draft. Pdf 30 p. www. • United Nations Human Settlements Programme. UN-HABITAT (2011). Cities and Climate Change: Global Report on Human Settlements 2011. Abridged Edition. London, Washington D. C. , viii & 51 p. www. • United Nations Human Settlements Programme. UN-HABITAT (2011). Cities and Climate Change: Global Report on Human Settlements 2011. Full Report. London, Washington D. C. , xviii &279 p. www. • Villes en développement (dec. 2007). Mobility and urban development. Pdf 12 p. www. (various short articles: mobility and accessibility, informal transport, sustainable strategies for developing cities, urban mobility in Morocco, Bangalore Masterplan, Gauteng Province in South Africa). • World Bank (2010). Convenient Solutions to an Inconvenient Truth. Ecosystem-Based Approaches to Climate Change. Washington D. C, xii & 116 p. (2009 edition in www). • World Bank (2010). Energy Efficient Cities. Assessment and Benchmarking Practices. Edited by Ranjan K. Bose, xviii & 228 p. Washington D. C. , xx & 418 p. www. • World Bank (2010). World Development Report 2010. Development and Climate Change. Washington D. C. , xx & 418 p. www. • World Bank. Daniel Hoornweg, Mila Freire, Marcus J. Lee, Perinaz Bhada-Tata, and Belinda Yuen, Editors. (2011). Cities and Climate Change. Responding to an Urgent Agenda. xiv & 310 p. www. • World Bank. Eco 2 Cities. Ecological Cities as Economic Cities (2010). Hiroaki Suzuki, Arish Dastur, Sebastian Moffatt, Nanae Yabuki, Hinako Maruyama, Washington, D. C. , xxviii & 360 p. www. • Wright, Lloy and Walter Hook, Bus Rapid Transit Guide (June 2007). 3 red ed. Pdf, 45 p. New York, Institute for Transportation & Development Policy, www. Urban Climate and Mobility - Urban Transportation

Sources & References in other languages • ADEME (Agence de l’Environnement et de la Maîtrise de l’Énergie) (2010). Énergie et Climat. Angers, France. Pdf 110 p. www. (Transportation pp. 48 -69). • CERTU (Lyon, France). • Castro, Angélica (2008). Ejemplos de BRT’s en Latinoamerica y el Mundo, GTZ. Ppt, 31 p. www. A Few www sites • • • 84 http: //europa. eu/legislation_summaries/environment/air_pollution/l 28186_en. htm World Bank United Nations OECD (International Transport Forum & others) World Resources Institute, Washington D. C. EMBARQ Manicore (Jean-Marc Jancovici - France) ADEME (France) OECD (International Transport Forum & others) GTZ Urban Climate and Mobility - Urban Transportation

IX Annex : 2 Extensive CASE STUDIES 2 Case Studies Cycle paths and BSS (Bicycle Sharing Systems) Metrobus – BRT of Mexico City 85 Urban Climate and Mobility - Urban Transportation

Sources for 2 extensive Case Studies 1/2 Case Study on Bikes and BSS • • • 86 European Communities (1999). Cycling: the way ahead for towns and cities. Authors: J. Dekoster, U. Schollaert, pdf, 63 p. www. Héran, Frédéric. ¨Dossier spácial coûts¨. Vélocité plus, no. 4, dic. 2006. BOITEUX Marcel (dir. ), 2001, Transports : choix des investissements et coût des nuisances, rapport pour le Commissariat general du Plan, La Documentation Francaise, Paris, 325 p. ORFEUIL Jean-Pierre, 1997, Les coûts externes de la circulation routière, rapport INRETS n° 216, 110 p. PAPON Francis, 2002, ≪ La marche et le vélo : quels bilans économiques pour l’individu et la collectivité ? ≫, Transports, 3 parties, n° 412, 413 et 414. Ravalet, Emmanuel, Yves Bussière (2012). Les systèmes de vélos libre-service sont-ils à l’origine du renouveau du cyclisme urbain? , Recherche Transport Sécurité, 28: 15 -24. Bussière, Y. D, J-L Collomb, E. Ravalet (2009). Cycling in the city and Reduction of Greenhouse Emissions: The Case of Mexico, Fifth Urban Research Symposium, Marseilles, World Bank, 14 p. pdf. New York City Global Partners (2011). Best Practice: Largest Bicycle Path Network. Report May 4. Pdf, 4 p www. Litmann, Todd et al. , (2006). Pedestrian and Bicycle Planning. A Guide to Best Practices. Victoria, B. C. , Victoria Transport Policy Institute, pdf. 88 p. www. Urban Climate and Mobility - Urban Transportation

Sources for 2 extensive Case Studies 2/2 Case Study on Metrobus – BRT of Mexico City CDM (Clean Development Mechanism)– Executive Board. (6/05/2011). Project design document form (CDM PDD) – Version 03 pdf. , 131 p. , www. CTS EMBARQ Mexico (2012). Mobilising Private Investment for Bus Rapid Transit Systems, 47 p. , pdf. , www. Instituto Nacional de Ecología (March 2006). The Benefits and Costs of a Bus Rapid Transit System in Mexico City. Final Report, 133 p. www Moreno Trejo, Arturo (2012). Metrobús, una solucion a la Mobilidad en un gran Metrópoli, el caso de la Ciudade de México. Mesa de trabajo: Modernidación del transporte y la emisión del CO 2 en Puebla. Tec de Monterrey, Puebla, Mexico. 12 -14 nov. www. wikipedia 87 Urban Climate and Mobility - Urban Transportation

X Annex : Short CASE STUDIES 3. Egypt’s Clean Fuels Initiative 4. Sustainable Urban Development in Kunming 5. China´s first Electro Voltaic taxi fleet in Shenzhen 6. Regaining street space for pedestrians in Turkey 7. Promotion of reading in the subway of Mexico City 8. Medellin’s Amazing Metro System To Drive Societal Change 9. The brick bridges in Saint Luis, Senegal 10. Curitiba: integrated urban density and mobility plan 11. Bus Rapid Transit: Transmilenio in Bogotá 12 good municipal transportation in Seattle 13 150 case studies in data bank of good urban mobility policies 88 Urban Climate and Mobility - Urban Transportation

X Annex : Short CASE STUDIES 3. Egypt’s Clean Fuels Initiative Compressed natural gas (CNG) is being produced in Egypt to fuel natural gas vehicles (NGVs). The use of CNG by the transportation sector was introduced since 1995 as a partial solution to heavy pollution problems affecting Cairo, to reduce dependence on gasoline and to utilize Egypt's abundant natural gas. More than 63, 000 CNG vehicles are now in use, 75 per cent of which are taxis, mainly in Cairo. This represents about 3 per cent of the world's CNG vehicles. The oil ministry is to switch Cairo's entire public transport system to gas, to be followed by Greater Cairo's 120, 000 taxis. Egypt now ranks number 8 out of the 49 countries conducting clean fuels programs, based upon the total number of CNG powered vehicles. In addition this new industry has created over 800 jobs to manage, operate and maintain these CNG fuelling stations and vehicle conversion centre facilities. 89 Urban Climate and Mobility - Urban Transportation

X Annex : Short CASE STUDIES 4. Sustainable Urban Development in Kunming The city of Kunming set up a Master Plan focused on sustainable urban transport and development with a focus on mobility measures - Plan residential areas so as to limit traffic demand - Promote cycling and walking - Develop an efficient, affordable public transportation system - Develop parking and traffic management - Determine best practice solutions that can be applied elsewhere The Master Plan appointed direct roads to spread outwards in a finger-shaped pattern in response to housing development. The gaps in between the fingers are used as green areas. New sub-towns were introduced to create a dense, mixed-use structure to encourage walking and cycling trips close to home, supported by a special pedestrian zone. Source: http: //www. umweltdaten. de/publikationen/fpdf-l/4239. pdf cit in: X Annex : Short CASE STUDIES http: //www. eltis. org/index. php? id=13&lang 1=en&study_id=3394 90 Urban Climate and Mobility - Urban Transportation

X Annex : Short CASE STUDIES 5. Case study: China´s first EV taxi fleet in Shenzhen The local government plans to make Shenzhen a green city by introducing electric vehicles. The city will have 24, 000 electric vehicles and 12, 000 charging stations by 2013. The use of electric taxis is part of this plan. The central government is subsidizing the purchase of each taxi with up to 60, 000 Yuan Saving money on fuel due the lower prices of electric power compared to gasoline is one of the positive aspects of running a pure electric taxi fleet. 100 km with an electric taxi cost 30 Yuan, while the traditional taxi 100 km fuel consumption of 12 liters of gas cost more than 60 Yuan. The Chinese car maker BYD will also be providing 200 electric buses that will be added to the city’s existing public transportation. The Shenzhen government is decided to subsidize electric taxis. http: //www. eltis. org/index. php? id=13&lang 1=en&study_id=2877 91 Urban Climate and Mobility - Urban Transportation

X Annex : Short CASE STUDIES 6. Case study: Regaining street space for pedestrians in Turkey Hamamonu, a district of Ankara was the subject of a street rehabilitation programme in 2007 that saw the pedestrianisation of a number of streets. This is the first time for almost 20 years that a new pedestrian zone has been bestowed upon the city. The Kavaklüdere district of Ankara has been host to the annual “Streets are Open” Festival since 2007, aimed at increasing awareness among the general public of how they can better utilize the streets by reclaiming them from vehicular traffic, and use them as arenas for social and cultural events Antalya has become one of the few cities in Turkey that is actively supporting pedestrian -friendly schemes. The pedestrianision of Cumhuriyet Square in the city centre in 2008 helped integrate the historical pedestrian district of Kaleiçi with the existing pedestrianised streets, creating a continuous car-free area and a much improved civic image for the historical town centre 92 Urban Climate and Mobility - Urban Transportation

X Annex : Short CASE STUDIES 7. Promotion of reading in the subway of Mexico Using the public transport in megacities like Mexico-City is not always comfortable. The distances are long and a lot of users spend their time considering only the problems of mass transportation. In order to make subway trips more attractive and to enrich the masses’ culture this campaign promote the free reading in the subway The books and texts that are offered to the public are small and written by very famous authors. 250, 000 free copies are at the disposal of the subway users. 400 young volunteers with orange T-shirts - the colour of the subway wagons - hand them to the public. The young people promote reading and invite the users to borrow a copy until the end of their journey. With this, their journey become more comfortable and at the same time enhances their culture. . http: //www. eltis. org/index. php? id=13&lang 1=en&study_id=1492 93 Urban Climate and Mobility - Urban Transportation

X Annex : Short CASE STUDIES 8. Medellin’s Amazing Metro System To Drive The public transportation system in Medellin, Colombia, is one of the most successful in the world. It is successful for promoting not just environmental sustainability, but social equity as well. The crown jewel of the city’s transportation system is the Metro de Medellín, that serves over half a million passengers every day. The system saves 175, 000 tons of C 02 every year, the equivalent of planting 380, 000 trees that would occupy 11% of the city’s land mass. Perhaps the most impressive feature of the metro system is the world renowned Metrocable system, a network of 9 cable car systems that take passengers up steep mountainsides that line the Valley of Medellin. The lines were completed in 2010 and has revolutionized mobility and accessibility for residents of Colombia’s second largest city, particularly the poorest — and often most violent — communities that line the valley of Medellin’s mountainous region. http: //thinkprogress. org/climate/2012/03/13/443330/medellin-metro-system-colombia-public-transport/? mobile=nc 94 Urban Climate and Mobility - Urban Transportation

X Annex : Short CASE STUDIES 9. Case study: The brick bridges in Saint Luis, Senegal In African cities more than 70% of trips are pedestrian. This is why researchers have focused on this form of mobility. Flooding in most parts of the districts of St. Louis bring a change about the practice of the district by inhabitants. To avoid breaks in the traditional ways to go to market, shop in local districts stores or to move within the framework of community neighborhood relations, people have developed strategies by placing brick bridges that allow crossing puddles without bypassing. These practices are essential for pedestrian movements which are the most numerous of urban mobility. People themselves created these low areas using the sand that is in the public spaces i. e. in front of their houses, to make cinderblocks bricks used in the construction of buildings. 95 Urban Climate and Mobility - Urban Transportation

X Annex : Short CASE STUDIES 10. Curitiba: integrated urban density and mobility plan 96 Urban Climate and Mobility - Urban Transportation

X Annex : Short CASE STUDIES 11. Bus Rapid Transit: Transmilenio in Bogotá In Bogotá, Columbia, the implementation of the first two phases of a bus rapid transit (BRT) system, through a combination of advanced Euro II and III technology buses and improved operational efficiencies, has resulted in fuel savings of 47% relative to the city’s old public bus network. Additionally, a 32% reduction in overall travel time for commuters, 40% reduction in emissions, and 92% reduction in accident rates in the BRT corridors have been recorded. With the successful registration of Phases II–VIII of its BRT system with the United Nations Framework Convention for Climate Change, the city also expects US$25 million CDM (Clean Development Mechanism) carbon credits by 2012. Source: ESMAP documentation. In BM 2010 – Efficient Cities … p. 13 97 Urban Climate and Mobility - Urban Transportation

X Annex : Short CASE STUDIES 12. Bogotá Transmilenio Source: World Bank. Eco 2 Cities. Ecological Cities as Economic Cities (2010). Hiroaki Suzuki, Arish Dastur, Sebastian Moffatt, Nanae Yabuki, Hinako Maruyama, Washington, D. C. , xxviii & 360 p. www. *** Sector note 3: Cities and Transport, pp. 288. 98 Urban Climate and Mobility - Urban Transportation

12. Case study: good municipal transportation PR www. kingcounty. gov/transportation 99 Urban Climate and Mobility - Urban Transportation

X Annex : Short CASE STUDIES 13. 150 case studies of good urban mobility policies http: //www. eltis. org/index. php? ID 1=6&id=9 100 Urban Climate and Mobility - Urban Transportation

Thank you! GLOBUS Global Urban Studies Institute Berlin Germany www. globus. eu. com 101