1 UNIFORMITARIANISM The processes that shape the Earth
- Slides: 29
1. UNIFORMITARIANISM: -The processes that shape the Earth today are the same processes that occurred in the geologic past “The present is the key to the past”
2. ORIGINAL HORIZONTALITY -Sedimentary rock layers are ALWAYS laid down in horizontal layers, until some other process alters them
Original Horizontality sedimentary rocks form in horizontal layers parallel to Earth’s surface and will remain that way unless disturbed SILT SAND CLAY SILT CLAY
Horizontal Layers of the Grand Canyon
3. SUPERPOSITION -The bottom layer of horizontal sedimentary rock layers is always the oldest, UNLESS the layers have been overturned or have had older rock formed on top of it *The lower layers must first be in place before the next layer can be deposited
YOUNGEST OLDEST
LAW OF SUPERPOSITION For undisturbed rocks, the oldest layer is on the bottom and the youngest is on top Supai is oldest – WHY?
Law of Superposition In undisturbedsedimentary rock or lava flows: In undisturbed rock or lava Top = youngest layer Bottom = oldest layer
Unconformity Gaps or missing layers in the rock record due to erosion Angular unconformity
Unconformities: 3 Types 1 2 3
Extrusion: When molten rock flows on the Earth’s surface forming an igneous rock
Intrusion: Occurs when magma squeezes between layers of pre-existing rock beneath the Earth’s surface -Causes surrounding layers to metamorphose (Contact metamorphism)
Igneous Intrusions
4. Cross-Cutting Relationships Igneous intrusions/extrusions that “cut across” or enter other rocks are younger than the rocks they cross
Law of Cross-Cutting Relationships Any feature that cuts across a rock or layer of sediment is younger than the rock or layer it cuts
Example of Cross-Cutting Intrusion- igneousrockthatformswhenmagma squeezesbetweenexistingrockand andhardens
Examples of Cross-Cutting Example of Cross-cutting (extrusive) Extrusion - igneous rock that forms when lava flows on Earth’s surface and hardens
Principle of Cross-Cutting Relationships James Hutton (1726 -1797 An igneous intrusion or a fault event must be younger than the rocks it intrudes or cuts across
Relationship s North shore of Lake Superior, Ontario Canada �A dark-colored dike has intruded into older light colored granite. • The dike is younger than the granite.
Cross-cutting Relationships Templin Highway, Castaic, California �A small fault displaces tilted beds. • The fault is younger than the beds.
Sequence of Events Key to Rock Types
5. Fossil (faunal)Succession Fossils of different Plants and Animals are found in sedimentary rock layers. When different fossils are found in the same layer, they existed during the same time period.
6. Law of Inclusions Rock particles/fragments that are found in rock layers are older than the rock layer it is found in.
(older? Younger? )
7. Lateral Continuity (Lateral means “side to side”) Igneous intrusions that “cut across” or enter other rocks are younger than the rocks they cross.
FOLDS AND FAULTS Fold: Folds and Faults are always younger than the original rock layers -bends in rock layers produced by movements of the earth’s crust Faults: -breaks in the rock where shifting of rock layers has occurred, often associated with earthquakes
Principles of Geology: Big Ideas (you should know) � 7 Laws of Geology �Relative aging of rock using Superposition �Definitions of intrusion, geologic dike, unconformity �Matching rock layers using fossils �Definitions: folding, fault, uplifting
- Tôn thất thuyết là ai
- Ngoại tâm thu thất chùm đôi
- Chiến lược kinh doanh quốc tế của walmart
- Gây tê cơ vuông thắt lưng
- Block nhĩ thất cấp 1
- Tìm vết của mặt phẳng
- Sau thất bại ở hồ điển triệt
- Thể thơ truyền thống
- Con hãy đưa tay khi thấy người vấp ngã
- Thơ thất ngôn tứ tuyệt đường luật
- Concurrent in os
- Whats uniformitarianism
- Uniformitarianism examples
- Gradualism vs uniformitarianism
- How does temperature break down rocks
- Catastrophism theory
- Catastrophism vs uniformitarianism
- Uniformitarianism diagram
- Unconformity
- Uniformitarianism
- Parts of transverse wave
- Template matching
- Cessna airfoil
- Shape matching and object recognition using shape contexts
- How do internal and external forces shape the earth
- Lateral continuity
- External forces that shape the earth
- Actual shape of earth
- What is this shape
- What is polaris