1 The Nitrogen Cycle 2 Amino Acid Biosynthesis
1. The Nitrogen Cycle 2. Amino Acid Biosynthesis 3. Urea Cycle 4. Amino Acid Catabolism 5. Molecules Derived from Amino Acid (from Lehninger P 873 - 882)
Page 810 The Nitrogen Cycle te a r it uc red e tas nitrite Nitrite reductase N nitrate ro nit ase n ge
Page 812 Nitrogen Fixation Is by Nitrogenase Complex
The Fate of Ammonium Page 815 Three major reactions in all cells: 1. Carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase I NH 4+ +HCO 3 - +2 ATP carbamoyl-phosphate +2 ADP+Pi +2 H+ 2. Glutamate dehydrogenase 3. Glutamine synthetase
The Glutamate Dehydrogenase Reaction Page 815
The enzymatic reaction catalyzed by glutamine synthetase Page 815
The Major Pathways of Ammonium Assimilation Lead to Glutamine Synthesis Page 816 Two principal pathways : 1. The GDH/GS pathway 2. GS/GOGAT in organisms confronting N limitation (GOGAT is glutamate synthase or glutamate: oxoglutarate amino transferase)
The GDH/GS Pathway of Ammonium Assimilation Page 816 GDH: glutamate dehydrogenase GS: glutamine synthetase
The GS/GOGAT Pathway of Ammonium Assimilation Page 817
The Subunit Organization of Bacterial Glutamine Synthetase Page 818
Page 817, 818 & 820 Glutamine Synthetase (GS) in E. coli is regulated in three ways: 1. Feedback inhibition 2. Covalent modification (interconverts between inactive and active forms) 3. Regulation of gene expression
Allosteric Regulation of Glutamine Synthetase by Feedback Inhibition Page 819
Covalent Modification of GS: Adenylylation of Tyr 397 in the Glutamine Synthetase Page 819
The Covalent Modification of GS Page 820
Gene Expression Regulates GS Page 820
Amino Acids Are Formed from a-keto Acids by Page 821 Transamination
Human Dietary Requirements for Amino Acids Page 822
Amino Acid Biosynthesis Page 822
Synthesis of Amino Acids in Bacteria Chapter 25
1 Page 822
Page 816 & 824
Page 825 Urea cycle arginine
2 Page 822 & 831 See page 831
Page 830
Page 830
3 Pyruvate + glutamate Alanine + a-KG Page 822 See P 835 & P 836
4 Page 822
Page 837
The Synthesis of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) From Methionine Page 833
The Synthesis of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) From Methionine Page 833
5 Page 822
Page 843 (also called Phenylalanine hydroxylase)
Some of the Aromatic Compounds Derived from Chorismate Page 841
Some of the Aromatic Compounds Derived from Chorismate Page 840
Page 842
Histidine Biosynthesis and Purine Biosynthesis Are Connected by Common Intermediate Page 840 & 844
The Urea Cycle Page 827 Argininosuccinate synthetase Orithine transcarbamoylase Argininosuccinase arginase
Alanine Transports Ammonia from Muscles to the Liver
The TCA Cycle and Urea Cycle Can Be linked
Amino Acid Biosynthesis Inhibitors as Herbicides Page 838 *uncompetitive & noncompetitive inhibitor
Overview of the Catabolism of Amino Acids in Mammals Page 840
Metabolic Degradation of the Common Amino Acids Page 841 & 845 *glucogenic amino acid *ketogenic amino acid Asn
Page 845
Page 848
Page 849 Maple syrup urine disease (楓漿尿病)
Page 849
Page 850
Page 850
*Phenylketonuria(苯丙酮尿症) Page 843 & 848 (phenylalanine hydroxylase) Phenylalanine + a-KG Aspatame transaminase Phenylpyruvate + glutamate
*Alkaptonuria (黑尿症) Page 850 Homogentisate dioxygenase
*Maple syrup urine disease (楓漿尿病) (page 846) *Alkaptonuria (黑尿症)(page 848) *Phenylketonuria(苯丙酮尿症)(page 848)
1. Ammonotelic 2. Ureotelic 3. Uricotelic Page 850
Biomolecules Derived from Amino Acid (from Lehninger P 873 - 882) Page 854 & 855 1. Porphyrins
Page 855
Aged erythrocyte Page 856 Jaundice 黄疸
2. Creatine Page 858
3. Glutathione Page 858
Page 858
4. Neurotransmitters Page 859 & 860
4. Polyamines Page 860 & 861
5. Nitric Oxide Page 860 & 861
Soluble Guanylyl Cyclases Are Receptors for Nitric Oxide Stripped away (sildenafil) Viagra 威而鋼 phosphodiesterase GMP
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