1 THE MODERN MIDDLE EAST Essential Questions What
- Slides: 74
1 THE MODERN MIDDLE EAST
Essential Questions What causes people to develop feelings of nationalism? Is seeking divisions/enemies/others an inevitable part of human nature? What are the pros and cons of nationalism? What are the modern-day implications of decisions made during this time period around the world?
3 MODERN DAY TURKEY
Ottoman Empire During WWI Background � Ottoman Empire founded in the 1300’s � At its height controlled most of the Middle East, North Africa, large parts of Europe � By WWI much weaker, “Sick man of Europe” � Sided with the Germans/Central Powers in WWI, was defeated by the Allies
Nationalism in the Ottoman Empire 5 Nationalism in the Ottoman Empire Before/During WWI � � Nationalism appealed to a small elite (ex. Young Turks) but not to most people before WWI During WWI, extreme nationalists took control of Ottoman Government Ottoman Empire was culturally and ethnically very diverse, lots of religions, lots of ethnic minorities. why would that be a problem for ultra-nationalists? Result: Armenian Genocide, 1 to 1. 5 million people killed
Decline of Ottoman Empire
Ottoman Empire becomes Turkish Republic Treaty of Sevres �Treaty signed by Turkey after the end of WWI (Turkey’s version of the Versailles Treaty) �Turkey lost all its possessions in the Middle East �Allied countries occupied large chunks of Turkey Britain/France—southeast Greece—western coast corner
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Ottoman Empire dissolves Modern Turkey emerges 9 Ottoman Sultan unable to do anything to repel the foreign invaders � Sultan overthrown by the military, Mustafa Kemal � Mustafa Kemal lead Turkey in the Turkish War for Independence � Mustafa Kemal pushed all foreigners off of Turkish land � Republic of Turkey established, Mustafa Kemal became first president
Modern Turkey under Ataturk Modernizing Turkey: Mustafa Kemal wanted Turkey to become more like the West � Last names: Mustafa Kemal Ataturk (father of the Turks) � Arabic alphabet replaced with Roman alphabet � 5 year plan to encourage industrialization � Secularization: outward signs of religion banned (no veils for women), religious toleration instituted � Western styles of dress: no fez hats for men � Education: free public school established � Women’s rights: legal equality for women, women encouraged to go to school and work outside the home, voting rights for women (1934)
Westernization = NO FEZZES 11
Mustafa Kemal Ataturk 12
Mustafa 13 Mufasa
Ataturk Introducing the New Alphabet to a Turkish Village
Ataturk’s Legacy Today Ataturk’s ideas still are very influential in Turkey � � � Problem: Turkey was/is a very religious place, lots of people didn’t like Ataturk’s reforms � � � Nationalism Secularism Republicanism Ataturk hand-picked candidates for the Turkish Parliament, only his political party was allowed, all other political parties were banned Since Ataturk’s death the military and the courts have seen themselves as the guardians of his legacy Often elections would put very religious politicians into power, who wanted to dismantle some of Ataturk’s reforms, the military would overthrow those elected politicians. (1960, 71, 80, 97) Is that right? Recep Tayyip Erdoğan is the current president of Turkey and has pushed the country farther away from secularism and democracy. He has used authoritarian censorship to control his population and has cracked down on opposition after a 2016 coup.
Turkey Today 16 https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=WBZHdbfu. Ft w
17 ISRAELI-PALESTINE CONFLICT
Israel is Founded 18 Britain supported a Jewish national homeland � Zionism- a movement for the re-establishment of a Jewish nation � Holocaust gave Jews worldwide support 1947 UN drew up a plan to divide Palestine into an Arab and a Jewish state � Jews agreed/Arabs rejected it 1948 Britain withdrew from Palestine- Jews proclaimed the land Independent state of Israel Arabs started the first of several wars Israel attracted Jews from all over the world
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Arabs and Israelis Fight Over Land 20 United Nations Partition Plan formed Israel 1948 Arab nations fought against Israel and lost. Israel expanded � Took territories- West Bank, East Jerusalem, and the Gaza Strip, Sinai Peninsula, and Golan Heights 1960 s- Formation of the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) headed by Yasir Arafat � PLO called for destruction of Israel Palestinians opposed Israel through intifadas � Intifada- violent uprising
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Seeking Peace 22 US, UN, and others pushed for peace Golda Meir- Israel’s first female Prime Minister tried to make negotiated peace when Palestine attacked 1979 - Israel and Egypt signed a Peace agreement � Israel returned the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt Talks between Israel and Syria failed over the issues of: � Security � Recognition of Israel � Control of Golan Heights
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Seeking Peace Continued 24 1993 Yasir Arafat and Israel Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin signed Oslo Accord � Planned to give Palestinians in Gaza Strip and West Bank limited self rule under Palestinian Authority � PLO recognized Israel and agreed to stop terrorism � Yasir Arafat assumed responsibility of Palestinian Authority 2000 - radical Palestinian groups stepped up terrorist attacks Palestinian suicide bombers and Israeli reprisals brought fear and bitterness
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26 Overcoming Obstacles to Peace Despite distrust and fear, other obstacles remained: � Land claims- many Palestinians want right to settle anywhere in Israel “Right of Return” � Future of Israeli settlements in the occupied territories � Jerusalem- home of religious sites to different religions � Many Arabs were unwilling to recognize Israel’s right to exist 2000 s- US devised a new plan “Road Map” to peace- called for two states of Israel and democratic Palestine to exist side by side
27 Overcoming Obstacles to Peace 2004 Israel planned to withdraw settlements from Gaza � Plan angered some Israelis and did not satisfy Palestinians 2004 -Yasir Arafat died- democratically elected successor pledged to stop Palestinian terrorist attacks � 2005 Israel released hundred of Palestinian prisoners
Israel-Palestine Conflict 28 https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=i. RYZj. Ou. Un l. U
29 Perspective- Talk with a partner be ready to share Imagine you are Jewish in 1947 Europe and you have just survived the Holocaust. What are your opinions on the establishment of a homeland? What if that Homeland is already inhabited by other people? Imagine you are an Arab living in the Palestine in 1948 and a relatively new group of people have declared independence on a new nation in the area that you are currently living? How do you feel? What is your response? Imagine you are a Jewish soldier in Israel and you have just won the 1967 “Six Day War”. What are your thoughts on controlling a minority Arab population and land? What rights should they be given? The UN has allowed the control over the land but has declared it illegal to alter the land. What should the victor of a war be allowed to do the new land population they now control? Imagine You are an Arab currently living in the West Bank Occupied Palestinian area. Although the UN has declared it illegal for Israelis to alter the land within the occupied West Bank area many Israeli settlers are moving into this territory and creating communities there.
30 IRAN
Turnitin. com 31 Reminder to turn your essay on Turnitin. com On Thursday we will have the laptops for the beginning of class, to all do it together. If your paper is on your computer at home either email it or put it on a flashdrive and bring it in. Or you may turn it in at home tonight.
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Diversity Brings Challenges 33 Kurds divided when Europeans drew borders �Lived Iran, Iraq, Syria, and Turkey today 1991 Kurds set up their own government in northern Iraq with military support from Britain and US
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Iran’s Islamic Revolution 35 Due to oil fields Iran attracted attention from British, Soviets, and Americans Backed by Western powers Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi faced nationalist opponent Mohammad Mosaddeq (1951 elected Prime Minister) 1953 US helped Shah Pahlavi oust Mosaddeq. Outraged many Iranians With American support, shah held power for the next 25 years
Prime Minister Mohammad Mosaddeq Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi 36
Iran Background 37 https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=6 Ym_zikyb Gk
Islam Confronts Modernization 38 To strengthen Iran and quiet unrest- shah used oil wealth to build industries � Redistributed land to peasants, extended rights to women � Shah’s secret police terrorized critics and sent many into exile 1970 s shah’s foes rallied behind Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini � He condemned Western influence & accused shah of breaking Islamic law � Drove the shah into exile � Proclaimed Iran an Islamic republic- Theocracy
VS Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi 39 Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini
Iran’s Revolutions 40 https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=8 w 4 Ku 6 l 7 OEI
41 SAUDI ARABIA
42 Oil, Religion, and Threats to Stability Saudi Arabia has the world’s largest oil reserve � Also included Islam’s Holy Land-Mecca Joined OPEC oil embargo in 1973, then returned to relations with the West To build support, Royal family backed fundamentalist religious leaders � Protested relations with the Western world Opponents of the kingdom adopted violent (terrorist) tactics Kuwait, Qatar, & UAE face similar threats
43 AFGHANISTAN
44 Terrorism Threaten Global Security Terrorism- use of violence to achieve political goals Examples: Bombing buildings; slaughtering civilians, police or soldiers; assassinating political leaders Generally terrorist have not been able to achieve their political goals with violence- just cause terrible damage and generate widespread fear Particular terrorist groups have operated for decades all around the world
9/11 45 September 11 th, 2001 terrorists flew planes into the twin towers and killed 2, 996 people This event led many world leaders including the U. S. to focus on eliminating terrorist organizations that could plan similar terrorist attacks After 9/11 the Osama Bin Laden & the terrorist organization al-Qaeda claimed responsibility for the attacks
War in Afghanistan 46 Al-Qaeda largely operated out of Afghanistan and were protected by the Taliban who ran the country The U. S. invaded Afghanistan and expelled the Taliban although the Taliban reorganized and continued to fight using guerilla warfare The U. S. slowly tried to transition power to Afghanistan but had to continue to fight the Taliban who were trying to take back control.
End of the War in Afghanistan 47 In 2011 Osama Bin Laden was killed in a raid in Pakistan By 2012 the U. S. began to create an exit strategy and in 2014 officially ended combat operations Although combat operations officially ceased in 2014 over 13, 000 troops remain in Afghanistan as military advisors with no plans to completely leave.
48 IRAQ
Iraq’s Long History of Conflict 49 Conflict in Iraq partly due to oil wealth and ethnic diversity- during Cold War Iraq’s oil was fought over by SU and US � Began to develop close ties with SU 1979 - Saddam Hussein seized power in Iraq and ruled as a dictator
Saddam Takes Power Iraq is made up of mostly Shiites. 1979: Saddam Hussein, a Sunni, became dictator � His regime greatly oppressed the Sunni majority in Iraq. Wanted to make Iraq the leading state in the Middle East Modern, western government Sold oil to US Secular, laws not based on Koran Saddam Hussein President of Iraq, 1979 -2003
Iran-Iraq War: 1980 -1988 1980 - Hussein tried to take advantage of the Iranian Revolution in Iran � � � Triggered a prolonged war Hussein used chemical weapons on Kurdish civilians Horrific trench warfare, massive casualties (over 1 million) US quietly and secretly supported both sides… Ended as a stalemate, although Saddam claimed victory (built the “Hands of Victory” monument pictured on right)
Effects of Iran-Iraq War As the war ended in 1988, Iraq was in crisis. Iraq had $60 billion to repay to foreign banks, It could no longer pay for the health care, education, nearly-free food and gas, and other benefits given to its citizens in better times, The price of oil had fallen sharply, crippling Iraq’s ability to repay its wartime debts.
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55 The Gulf War (Operation Desert Storm) 1990 Iraq invaded Kuwait to control its vast oil field and gain greater access to the Persian Gulf US said Hussein’s move was illegal but also a threat to oil resources of the Persian Gulf region � President George H. W. Bush formed a coalition of Western and Middle Eastern nations- launched a counterattack against Iraqi forces 1991 � 1991 Gulf War led by US operated under the UN banner- quickly liberated Kuwait and crushed Iraqis Despite defeat- Hussein remain in power
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Weapons of Mass Destruction 57 WMDs include: � Nuclear: first used by US in WWII � Biological: disease carrying organisms; smallpox or toxins to be released into the air or water supplies � Chemical: chemical toxins such as nerve gas or mustard gas; first used in WWI After 9/11 they took a new danger- terrorist groups could to use them for their own purposes
Defeat of Saddam Hussein 58 UN tried to keep Hussein from using oil wealth to build Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMDs) Hussein disregarded no-fly zones and did not work with the UN inspectors 2002 - US and Britain charged Hussein had WMD � US President George W. Bush accused Iraqi government of supporting terrorists
Iraq War (2003 -2011) Saddam Hussein and his government was easily defeated (2003) & later executed (2006) by new Iraqi government. � No WMDs were found � No connection to al Qaeda was found
Coalition Government Meanwhile, coalition worked to create new, democratic government in Iraq 2004, power transferred to Iraqis 2005, Iraqis voted in country’s first multiparty election in fifty years � Later approved new constitution to make Iraq Islamic federal democracy Continued violence, potential for civil war made country’s future highly uncertain
61 https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=nlsnnhn 3 V WE Start at 4: 19
Iraq Today A (shaky) democratic government does exist in Iraq. American troops left Iraq in 2011. President Obama (USA) & Prime Minister Haider al-Abadi (Iraq)
63 ARAB SPRING & SYRIA
Eventual Partition of the Middle East
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Arab Spring 66 The Arab Spring (2010) was a revolutionary wave of both violent and non-violent demonstrations, protests, riots, coups, foreign interventions, and civil wars in North Africa and the Middle East Civil Wars and transitions of power occurred in Libya, Egypt, Tunisia and Yemen. Causes: High wealth inequality, High youth Unemployment, Anger at Authoritarian Regimes that limited civil liberties. https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=_q. Fi. Qy. M 8 dj. Y
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Arab Spring 68
Syrian War & The Rise of ISIS 69 In the Syrian Civil War some rebels who opposed the current government (Assad) as well as many other rebel groups sought to establish their own extremist nation in Syria and Iraq based on fundamentalist Islam. They named it the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS).
ISIS at its height in 2015 70
ISIS 71 ISIS’s influence reached a peak in 2015 Today they have lost all of their urban areas and have been shrinking in influence and land ISIS has also claimed responsibility for terrorist attacks outside areas under their direct control including attacks in Russia, Great Britain, Tunisia and Paris The flag states “There is no god but Allah. Mohammad is the messenger of Allah. ”
Iraq & Syria after the US left 72 https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=AQPl. RED W-Ro
73 SECURITY IN A DANGEROUS WORLD
Terrorism and the Middle East 74 Middle East has become training ground and source for terrorism � One reason- Western colonial domination in the region � Establishment of state of Israel sparked anger Lebanese formed Hezbollah after Israel invaded Lebanon � Designated others a terrorist group by the US and
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