1 Sylvia S Mader Immagini e concetti della

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Sylvia S. Mader Immagini e concetti della biologia 2 Sylvia S. Mader Concepts of

Sylvia S. Mader Immagini e concetti della biologia 2 Sylvia S. Mader Concepts of Biology © Zanichelli editore, 2012

A 12 - Living organisms and their environment 3 Sylvia S. Mader Concepts of

A 12 - Living organisms and their environment 3 Sylvia S. Mader Concepts of Biology © Zanichelli editore, 2012

Climate is designed by factors Climate is the average yearly temperature and precipitation of

Climate is designed by factors Climate is the average yearly temperature and precipitation of a region calculated over a long period. The Earth’s axis tilt is responsible for the alternation of seasons. 4 Sylvia S. Mader Concepts of Biology © Zanichelli editore, 2012

Climate is designed by factors Earth’s rotation and revolution affect the global wind circulation

Climate is designed by factors Earth’s rotation and revolution affect the global wind circulation and the global temperatures. 5 Sylvia S. Mader Concepts of Biology © Zanichelli editore, 2012

Topography influences the climate The physical characteristics of a region influence the climate and

Topography influences the climate The physical characteristics of a region influence the climate and the distribution of ecosystems. Elevation affects climate (temperature) as the latitude does. 6 Sylvia S. Mader Concepts of Biology © Zanichelli editore, 2012

Topography influences the climate • • When mountains deviate the wind path, they affect

Topography influences the climate • • When mountains deviate the wind path, they affect precipitations. Wind circulation between sea and landmasses as monsoons influences the regional climate. 7 Sylvia S. Mader Concepts of Biology © Zanichelli editore, 2012

Oceanic currents Winds, together with Earth’s rotation, cause a steady flow of water and

Oceanic currents Winds, together with Earth’s rotation, cause a steady flow of water and redistribute global heat. Northern Hemisphere: currents move clockwise. Southern Hemisphere: currents move counterclockwise. 8 Sylvia S. Mader Concepts of Biology © Zanichelli editore, 2012

Oceanic currents Gulf Stream transport warm tropical waters to the eastern coasts of North

Oceanic currents Gulf Stream transport warm tropical waters to the eastern coasts of North America and to the western coasts of Europe. Humboldt Current brings cold water northwards along Chilean Coast of South America. Here cold nutrient-rich water, rises in an upwelling process. 9 Sylvia S. Mader Concepts of Biology © Zanichelli editore, 2012

El Niño - Southern Oscillation El Niño is a phenomenon of alteration of normal

El Niño - Southern Oscillation El Niño is a phenomenon of alteration of normal water patterns off the Chilean Coasts. During El Niño - Southern Oscillation, the Humboldt Current is not cold and upwelling does not occur anymore. 10 Sylvia S. Mader Concepts of Biology © Zanichelli editore, 2012

Biomes Terrestrial ecosystems are characterized by particular climates, mainly affected by the latitude. 11

Biomes Terrestrial ecosystems are characterized by particular climates, mainly affected by the latitude. 11 Sylvia S. Mader Concepts of Biology © Zanichelli editore, 2012

Major terrestrial ecosystems TUNDRA - Around North Pole • Very cold (-12 °C to

Major terrestrial ecosystems TUNDRA - Around North Pole • Very cold (-12 °C to 6 °C) • Little precipitation • Permanent ice (permafrost) year-round within a meter of surface 12 Sylvia S. Mader Concepts of Biology © Zanichelli editore, 2012

Major terrestrial ecosystems TAIGA (Coniferous Forest) - Below Arctic Circle • Temperatures below freezing

Major terrestrial ecosystems TAIGA (Coniferous Forest) - Below Arctic Circle • Temperatures below freezing for half the year • Moderate precipitation • Long nights in winter and long days in summer 13 Sylvia S. Mader Concepts of Biology © Zanichelli editore, 2012

Major terrestrial ecosystems TEMPERATE DECIDUOUS FOREST Canada, Northern USA, Europe, Russia • Hot summers

Major terrestrial ecosystems TEMPERATE DECIDUOUS FOREST Canada, Northern USA, Europe, Russia • Hot summers and cold winters • Ample precipitation 14 Sylvia S. Mader Concepts of Biology © Zanichelli editore, 2012

Major terrestrial ecosystems GRASSLANDS - Russia, Mongolia, USA, South America • Hot Summers and

Major terrestrial ecosystems GRASSLANDS - Russia, Mongolia, USA, South America • Hot Summers and cold winters • Moderate precipitation • Good soil for agriculture 15 Sylvia S. Mader Concepts of Biology © Zanichelli editore, 2012

Major terrestrial ecosystems SAVANNA - Africa, Australia, South America • Warm temperatures (20 -25

Major terrestrial ecosystems SAVANNA - Africa, Australia, South America • Warm temperatures (20 -25 °C) • Hot Summers • Moderate precipitation • Good soil for grazing 16 Sylvia S. Mader Concepts of Biology © Zanichelli editore, 2012

Major terrestrial ecosystems DESERTS - Northern and Southern Hemisphere at 30° latitude • Very

Major terrestrial ecosystems DESERTS - Northern and Southern Hemisphere at 30° latitude • Very Hot day (35 -40 °C) and cold nights (7 °C) • Low precipitation 17 Sylvia S. Mader Concepts of Biology © Zanichelli editore, 2012

Major terrestrial ecosystems TROPICAL RAINFOREST - Equatorial regions of Asia, West Africa and South

Major terrestrial ecosystems TROPICAL RAINFOREST - Equatorial regions of Asia, West Africa and South America • Warm (25 °C) • Heavy precipitation 18 Sylvia S. Mader Concepts of Biology © Zanichelli editore, 2012

Aquatic ecosystems Fresh waters always end into seas and are divided by the flow

Aquatic ecosystems Fresh waters always end into seas and are divided by the flow velocity and slope into: 1. Streams 2. Rivers 3. Lakes 4. Deltas or estuaries 19 Sylvia S. Mader Concepts of Biology © Zanichelli editore, 2012

Aquatic ecosystems Lakes are classified as oligotrophic, if they are nutrientpoor with low productivity,

Aquatic ecosystems Lakes are classified as oligotrophic, if they are nutrientpoor with low productivity, and eutrophic, if they are nutrient-rich with high productivity. 20 Sylvia S. Mader Concepts of Biology © Zanichelli editore, 2012

Coastal ecosystems Estuaries Areas characterized by high fluctuations in salinity and high concentrations of

Coastal ecosystems Estuaries Areas characterized by high fluctuations in salinity and high concentrations of nutrients. 21 Sylvia S. Mader Concepts of Biology © Zanichelli editore, 2012

Coastal ecosystems Intertidal zones (or seashore) Area between tide marks. Organisms in the intertidal

Coastal ecosystems Intertidal zones (or seashore) Area between tide marks. Organisms in the intertidal zone are adapted to an extremely changeable environment. 22 Sylvia S. Mader Concepts of Biology © Zanichelli editore, 2012

Coastal ecosystems Marine waters are classified, considering the bathymetry and sunlight, into euphotic and

Coastal ecosystems Marine waters are classified, considering the bathymetry and sunlight, into euphotic and pelagic. 23 Sylvia S. Mader Concepts of Biology © Zanichelli editore, 2012

Coastal ecosystems Euphotic zone: exposed to sufficient sunlight for photosynthesis to occur. Is the

Coastal ecosystems Euphotic zone: exposed to sufficient sunlight for photosynthesis to occur. Is the portion of the ocean where most of the organisms both autotrophs (phytoplankton) and heterotrophs (zooplankton) live. The marine ecosystems with the highest biodiversity (as coral reefs) are located in the euphotic zone 24 Sylvia S. Mader Concepts of Biology © Zanichelli editore, 2012

Pelagic ecosystems Pelagic zone (open ocean) Not close to the bottom or near to

Pelagic ecosystems Pelagic zone (open ocean) Not close to the bottom or near to the shore. 25 Sylvia S. Mader Concepts of Biology © Zanichelli editore, 2012

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