1 Sowing GVSPP Q 1 Q 8 Q

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1 Sowing GVSPP Q 1 -Q 8, Q 14, Q 16

1 Sowing GVSPP Q 1 -Q 8, Q 14, Q 16

2 Before Sowing Make sure; 1. Seed that you going to sow is quality

2 Before Sowing Make sure; 1. Seed that you going to sow is quality assured? 2. Land that you going to use for seed production is appropriate? 3. Soil of the land is suitable for seed production? Check the details of seed and producer information before sowing

Before Sowing 2’ 1. Certified seed quality is assured by the Department of Agriculture,

Before Sowing 2’ 1. Certified seed quality is assured by the Department of Agriculture, but some of other seeds are not. If the seeds were not germinating, variety mixing, contaminated by disease, your efforts to produce seeds would be in vain. Please use the seeds that you can depend on the quality for seed production 2. please check your land for isolation distance, soil conditions (drainage, fertility, etc. ), and accessibility to water before sowing. It is advisable not to cultivate same crop in same land. Continuous cropping causes serious pest & disease problems. Please rotate the land as much as possible 3. Apply organic matter/compost to the field to improve soil physical property. Improved soil prevents waterlogging, and helps the roots to develop well in the soil

Direct Seeding VS Nursery Direct Seeding 3 Nursery Field nursery Tray nursery Pot nursery

Direct Seeding VS Nursery Direct Seeding 3 Nursery Field nursery Tray nursery Pot nursery

Direct Seeding VS Nursery 3’ There are 2 ways of sowing seeds; ①Direct seeding

Direct Seeding VS Nursery 3’ There are 2 ways of sowing seeds; ①Direct seeding ②Nursery (transplanting to field at later stage ) • Both methods has advantages and disadvantages • Depends on the crops, sowing method may differ

Direct Seeding VS Nursery Direct Either Nursery 4

Direct Seeding VS Nursery Direct Either Nursery 4

Direct Seeding VS Nursery 4’ • Suitable for Direct seeding üShort cultivation crops: kolajathi,

Direct Seeding VS Nursery 4’ • Suitable for Direct seeding üShort cultivation crops: kolajathi, leek, etc. üRoot (tuber)crops: carrot, potato, radish, etc. • Suitable for Nursery (Transplanting) üLong cultivation crops: tomato, brinjal, capsicum, cucumber, watermelon, cabbage, onion, etc. • Either: Okra, Pumpkin, Bitter gourd, Snake gourd, beans, lettuce, spinach,

Direct Seeding VS Nursery 5 Advantages of Nursery • Less occupation period of land

Direct Seeding VS Nursery 5 Advantages of Nursery • Less occupation period of land Season Month YALA 4 5 6 MAHA 7 8 9 10 11 Direct Nursery • Can raise strong & healthy seedlings • Less inputs are required 12 1 2 3

5’ Direct Seeding Good things: • No need to transplant →less labour and no

5’ Direct Seeding Good things: • No need to transplant →less labour and no risk of seedling damage by transplanting • No need to prepare nursery beds or purchase nursery materials (trays or pots, etc. )→less labour and investment Bad things: • Occupies the field for entire cultivation, from sowing to harvesting →lesser time of land preparation • Management area is large so that labour and inputs (irrigation, fertilizer, etc. ) are intensive • Germination may not uniform • Empty hills may occur by dying of seedlings at early stage of the growth Nursery Good things: • Germination is relatively uniform→uniform growth after field transplanting • Safer media (no infection of diseases) can be arranged→healthier seedlings can be raised • Easy to provide appropriate conditions (sunlight, water, temperature, etc. ) for the seedlings→healthier seedlings can be raised • Seedlings can be raised in a small area→less labour, input, and easy management • No need to occupy the field at the beginning of the cultivation→ 1). more time available for farmers to prepare field, 2). mitigation of intensive use of the field Bad things: • Need to prepare nursery beds or purchase nursery materials (trays or pots, etc. )→need additional labour and investment • Need to transplant→more labour and risk of seedling damage by transplanting

6 Raising Seedling Raising seedling is the most important stage in the plant cultivation

6 Raising Seedling Raising seedling is the most important stage in the plant cultivation Grow good (healthy and strong) seedlings is the key to harvest better quality fruits and seeds Bad Seedlings × × Stem is thin Height is tall Colour of leaves is light Damaged by pest & disease Good Seedlings ü ü Stem is thick Height is short Colour of leaves is dark No damage by pest & disease After transplanting good seedlings would perform the following characteristics in field: ü Relatively resistant to pest & disease ü Resistant to logging ü Bear quality fruits and seeds ü High survival rate when transplanting

Raising good seedling is the most important stage in the plant cultivation 6’ •

Raising good seedling is the most important stage in the plant cultivation 6’ • Almost all the plant growth is determined at the early stage (seedling) of the growth → Difficult to recover from unhealthy plants to healthy plants at the later stage of the growth ※ WHAT IS GOOD SEEDLING? 1. Stem is thick 2. Not spindly (not too tall & too thin) 3. Dark colour leaves 4. No damage by diseases or insects • Manage good sunlight, temperature and water Manage proper fertilizer application Managed by proper chemical & facility Good seeds (fruits) can only be harvested from good (healthy & strong) plants → Good plants are grown from good seedlings • Good plants have tolerance to harsh environment → → Good plants have higher survival rate in drought or flood condition Good plants have higher survival rate if infected by diseases Good plants have higher survival rate in lodging by strong wind blow Good plants have higher survival rate when transplanting

Field Nursery VS Seedling Holder Field nursery Seedling holder Difficult Easy Germination rate Relatively

Field Nursery VS Seedling Holder Field nursery Seedling holder Difficult Easy Germination rate Relatively low Relatively high Seed requirement More seed is necessary Lesser seed is necessary Only during fine days Anytime (under shelter) Survival rate after field transplanting is low Survival rate after field transplanting is high Environment control Sowing timing Labour works Transplanting 7

Environment Control (Sunlight, temperature, water) Germination Rate Seed Requirement Sowing Timing Labour Works Transplanting

Environment Control (Sunlight, temperature, water) Germination Rate Seed Requirement Sowing Timing Labour Works Transplanting Field Nursery Difficult Since seedlings can not be replaced from one place to the other, • adjusting surrounding environment for seedlings to grow properly is relatively difficult By covering the nursery bed by poly tunnel, be able to control • roughly • Relatively low Difficult to control Soil, temperature, water conditions that may • lead to lower germination Difficult to sow seeds in the same depth so that germination • timing is not uniform Seeds may washed out by rain or irrigation water, or may eaten • by animals before germination 7’ Seedling holder Easy • Since seedling s can be replaced from one place to the other, adjusting surrounding environment for seedlings to grow properly is relatively easy • When sunlight is too strong and temperature is too high, move the seedlings under the shade when rains, move the seedlings under the roof Relatively high • Using good media in soil physical property and nutrients, seeds can easily germinate • Easy to sow the seeds at the same depth so that germination timing is uniform • Since the seedling holders can be moved, it can establish in a protected area (from hot temperature, rain, or animals), and it helps higher rate of germination More seed is necessary Lesser seed is necessary Due to the lower rate and uneven germination rate, more seeds Due to the higher rate of germination is secured, lesser seeds is should be sown to secure the certain number of seedlings necessary for sowing Only during fine days Anytime (under shelter condition) • It is difficult to sow seeds during rain due to the risk of seeds to • Under shelter condition, seeds can be sown anytime so that washed out, and work environment for farmers can plan the cultivation schedule easily in the season • Damping soil condition by rains after sowing may inhibit seeds • No cultivation delays occur if heavy rains hit the beginning of to germinate the season More or less the same • Need to prepare nursery beds (cleaning of field, plowing, raising • Need to purchase or arrange seedling holders beds, applying fertilizer, leveling the surface, making sowing • Need to prepare nursery media holes/ridges) • Need to move the nursery if surrounding environment radically • May need to prepare poly tunnels for rain and insect protection changes • Farmers need to travel long distance for daily management if • Travelling distance for farmers is less if the nursery is far a way from their homes established near their homes • Physical management area is larger than seedling holder • Physical management area is smaller than field nursery Difficult (more stress to seedlings) Easy (less stress to seedlings) • May damage the roots when remove seedlings from the bed • Less damage to the roots and easy for seedlings to recover after • After remove seedlings from the bed, more time is needed to transplanting to the field • Holders can be brought into the field and transplanted right after seedlings removed from the holders

8 How to Grow Healthy & Strong Seedlings Before sowing • Select good seeds

8 How to Grow Healthy & Strong Seedlings Before sowing • Select good seeds (shape, size, no contamination, new) • Prepare good drainage & water retention media Sowing • Sow at the right timing (temperature) • Water the soil before sowing • Sow seeds at the same depth After germination • Provide favorable conditions for seedling growth (temperature, sunlight, and moisture)

8’ Before sowing • Use the seeds that quality is guaranteed (tested? , lot

8’ Before sowing • Use the seeds that quality is guaranteed (tested? , lot No. ? , dependable company? Etc. ) • Nursery soil should have good physical property, nutrients, free from pest & disease contamination Sowing • Sow seeds at the most appropriate timing in the season • Germination would be late if seeds are sown at deep depth. Sowing at the same depth encourages uniform germination After germination • Always think about the surrounding condition and provide the best condition for seedlings as much as possible

Preparation of Nursery Media Materials: • Virgin soil = Sterilized soil (top soil not

Preparation of Nursery Media Materials: • Virgin soil = Sterilized soil (top soil not recommended) • Compost (well-decomposed) • Cocopeat or sand Sand 9 Soil Compost Method: 1. Mix soil & compost 1 : 1 2. Add cocopeat or sand to the mixture (amount is determined by accordance with the soil physical properties of the mixture) cocopeat Good nursery media have good drainage & water retention properties and help root development of the plants

Materials • Top soil is not recommended for nursery soil 9’ →Top (field) soil

Materials • Top soil is not recommended for nursery soil 9’ →Top (field) soil has high risk of contamination from the previous cultivation →Use virgin soil or sterilized soil that free from pest & disease contamination • May cause a severe root damage if half-decomposed compost is used • Control soil physical property, water retention, & drainage levels by mixing coarse materials such as sand or cocopeat Method • If foundation soil is clayey, add more coarse materials. If sandy, add clayey soil

Preparation of Nursery Media ①Try to use the soil that unnecessary to sterilize •

Preparation of Nursery Media ①Try to use the soil that unnecessary to sterilize • Avoid using field soil (topsoil) for nursery media →bring the soil from outside the farm Ex. unoccupied lands, mountains, bushes, etc. TOMATO SEED 10

Preparation of Nursery Media 10’ • It is better to use the soil from

Preparation of Nursery Media 10’ • It is better to use the soil from outside the farm for nursery media because of lower risk of disease contamination compare to field (farm) soil • If the nursery media is contaminated by disease, the seeds harvested after the cultivation can be contaminated too. • If contaminated seeds are sold at the market, disease can be spread to everywhere by those seeds ‼ To protect other producers and products, contaminated seeds should not be produced

Preparation of Nursery Media If you have to use field soil for nursery…. .

Preparation of Nursery Media If you have to use field soil for nursery…. . Due to: • your nursery is set up in farm • Difficult to bring soil from outside etc. ②Use deeper soil from the surface (more than 30 cm deep) Or ③Purchase nursery soil medium Or ④STERILIZE THE SOIL 11

Preparation of Nursery Media 11’ • Sometimes nursery media cannot be brought from outside

Preparation of Nursery Media 11’ • Sometimes nursery media cannot be brought from outside the farm (for field nursery or virgin soil cannot be found nearby) →If that is the case…… ②Use deep field soil. The deeper field soil is safer than top soil in contamination. Or ③Purchase nursery medium product (compost, cocopeat, etc. ) from agro stores. Commercial products should be free from contamination. Or ④Sterilize the top soil. If the top soil is the only option for nursery media, it should be sterilized to prevent the plants and seeds

Soil Sterilization Ø If you have to use the way of sterilization…. . •

Soil Sterilization Ø If you have to use the way of sterilization…. . • Purpose: To kill organisms of disease agent in the soil (fungus, bacteria, virus) • Method: by soil disinfectant (chemical) by heat (high-temperature steam) 12

Soil Sterilization 12’ Sterilizing soil is to kill pathogens in the soil. Basically there

Soil Sterilization 12’ Sterilizing soil is to kill pathogens in the soil. Basically there are 2 ways of sterilize the soil… 1. Using chemical (disinfectant) and 2. Using heat Using chemical is effective to kill pathogens in soil, but it requires precautions; →Otherwise it may cause serious damages to producers and products

Soil Sterilization 1. By soil disinfectant (ex. Metham Sodium, Basamid) ① Plow the soil

Soil Sterilization 1. By soil disinfectant (ex. Metham Sodium, Basamid) ① Plow the soil and break the particles ② Raise beds with the height about 30 cm ③ Spray the chemical to the soil evenly (sterilization gets effective when the soil has medium moisture content) ④ Cover the beds with poly/plastic films immediately ⑤ Leave the beds for 5~15 days(vary in chemicals) ⑥ Uncover the beds & degas for 3~10 days(vary in chemicals) ⑦ Start cultivation after the gas is completely diffused 13

Soil Sterilization 13’ Soil sterilization by chemical ①If soil particles are too big, the

Soil Sterilization 13’ Soil sterilization by chemical ①If soil particles are too big, the chemical does not work effectively ②If the chemical applied to a flat field, it is difficult to seal the chemical in soil and it may diffuse into air ③The chemical should be applied into soil evenly ④By covering the beds with the film, preventing the chemical to diffuse into air ⑤ if the application period is too short, pathogens in soil may survive ⑥Follow the instruction of the chemical for covering period ⑦If the chemical gas remains in soil, it is very toxic to human body and plants

Soil Sterilization 2. By heat (High-temperature steam) 2 -1. Utilize the solar heat ①

Soil Sterilization 2. By heat (High-temperature steam) 2 -1. Utilize the solar heat ① Spray water to the soil ② Cover the soil with a transparent plastic mulch ③ Apply the cover for 30 days 14

Soil Sterilization 14’ Sterilizing soil using heat is safer and more economical than using

Soil Sterilization 14’ Sterilizing soil using heat is safer and more economical than using chemical • Utilize steam heat to sterilize soil 1. Solar heat (suitable for field nursery sterilization) ①Spray water to field nursery evenly ②seal the nursery bed by transparent plastic film ③Apply the cover for as many days as possible →This method is only effective when sunlight is strong. Under cloudy condition, it does not work

15 Soil Sterilization • 2 -2. Utilize the wood fuel ① Prepare a double

15 Soil Sterilization • 2 -2. Utilize the wood fuel ① Prepare a double structure dram ② Set water in lower and soil in upper layer ③ Ignite for 3~4 hours Upper layer Soil Lower layer Water

Soil Sterilization 15’ 2. Fuel heat (suitable for tray or pot nursery) • Hot

Soil Sterilization 15’ 2. Fuel heat (suitable for tray or pot nursery) • Hot steam can be get setting fire to boil water ①Prepare a double structure dram. Inside the dram should be divided into half by a middle lid with many steam holes ②Set water in the bottom layer and soil in the upper layer (on the middle lid) ③Set fire from the bottom of the dram and let the steam to sterilize the soil →This method is effective to sterilize soil, but volume of soil to sterilize is limited and cost may higher due to using fuel

16 Sowing Plug Tray (for small seeds: solanaceae) ①Fill the tray with media ②Water

16 Sowing Plug Tray (for small seeds: solanaceae) ①Fill the tray with media ②Water the media ④Sow a seed per a plug ⑤Cover the seeds slightly with the media ③Make shallow holes (5 mm) ⑥Cover the tray with newspaper and water

16’ ①Fill the nursery soil with media up to the surface and level (the

16’ ①Fill the nursery soil with media up to the surface and level (the surface should be flat) ②When water, make sure to wet the media evenly & and up to the bottom ③All holes should be at the same depth (do not sow so deep) ④ 1 seed/hole (Hybrid seeds), 2 -3 seeds/hole (local seeds or old seeds) ⑤Make sure that seeds are completely covered by the media. Press slightly the surface with hands ⑥Covering the surface of trays by newspaper or straw prevents seeds to washed away when watering and keeps moisture in the media

Plug Tray Alternatives Egg Tray Mesh Container 17

Plug Tray Alternatives Egg Tray Mesh Container 17

17’ Any material can be used for alternatives of trays BUT AVOID • A

17’ Any material can be used for alternatives of trays BUT AVOID • A container with too much depth →More nursery media is necessary →If filled with not enough media, seedlings cannot get enough sunlight because of the brim of the container shade → • A container cannot have holes at the bottom (need to have drainage holes)

18 Sowing Pot (for big seeds: ex. cucurbits) ①Fill the pot with media ②Water

18 Sowing Pot (for big seeds: ex. cucurbits) ①Fill the pot with media ②Water the media ③Make 3 shallow holes (1 cm) ④Sow 3 seeds per pot ⑤Cover seeds with media ⑥Water the media

18’ ①Fill the media up to the surface of the pot (after watering, level

18’ ①Fill the media up to the surface of the pot (after watering, level of media drops) ②When water, make sure to wet the media evenly & and up to the bottom ③All holes should be at the same depth (do not sow so deep) ④Sow the seeds in the middle of the pot ⑤Make sure that seeds are completely covered by the media. Press slightly the surface with hands ⑥Make sure not to wash out the seeds when watering

19 Pot Alternatives Plastic bag Banana leave Paper

19 Pot Alternatives Plastic bag Banana leave Paper

19’ Any material can be used as pots BUT • The diameter should be

19’ Any material can be used as pots BUT • The diameter should be between 8 cm – 12 cm If too small →Cannot raise seedlings in enough size to transplanting If too big →Transplanting delayed. • Should have drainage holes at the bottom

Field Nursery ①Plow the field ④Level the surface Sowing ②Remove stones, etc ⑤Make ridges

Field Nursery ①Plow the field ④Level the surface Sowing ②Remove stones, etc ⑤Make ridges ⑦Sow seeds along with ridges ⑧Cover & gently press surface 20 ③Apply compost & plough ⑥Water along with ridges ⑨Apply straw & water

20’ If difficult to find seedling holder materials, raise seedlings in field nursery To

20’ If difficult to find seedling holder materials, raise seedlings in field nursery To encourage uniform germination: ü Plough the bed not to remain soil cluster ü Rake the surface as much as even ü Make uniform (in depth) sowing ridges ü Sow seeds in equal distance To avoid seeds to washed away by rain: ü Cover the surface of the bed with straw OR ü Make a polyethylene-tunnel to cover the bed

After Germination 21 • Remove applied cover (Newspaper, straw, etc) • Give ample sunlight

After Germination 21 • Remove applied cover (Newspaper, straw, etc) • Give ample sunlight to seedlings (but avoid direct sunlight when sunshine is too strong) • Avoid exposing the seedlings to rainfall • Place the seedlings under shade when air temperature is over 35℃

21’ • Remove the applied covers right after germination →It prevents growth of seedlings

21’ • Remove the applied covers right after germination →It prevents growth of seedlings • If seedling holder is used, move the seedlings in the place of suitable conditions • If field nursery is used, use polyethylene tunnel to adjust surrounding conditions

Field Nursery Management 22 After 1 to 2 weeks from the germination Seedlings are

Field Nursery Management 22 After 1 to 2 weeks from the germination Seedlings are too crowded that preventing sunshine & root development ✓ ① Thinning out the seedlings to give a space between the seedlings (leaves not touching to the next seedling) ② Earth up the bottom of the seedlings not to fall down on the ground

 • Root development is prevented if seedlings are too crowded • Highly populated

• Root development is prevented if seedlings are too crowded • Highly populated seedling makes difficult to sunlight to cast the seedlings that planted in the middle of the bed →Seedlings in the middle get spindled • Too crowded seedling bed leads to outbreak of pests & diseases • Thin out the seedlings to maintain the distance between the seedlings (no touching leaves) • Always earth up after thinning out to prevent lodging and to protect the roots 22’

Pot Nursery Management 23 After 1 to 2 weeks from germination Leave the healthiest

Pot Nursery Management 23 After 1 to 2 weeks from germination Leave the healthiest & strongest seedling and thin out other seedling to make 1 plant per a pot

23’ • Many seedlings in a pot prevent healthy growth ① Preventing root development

23’ • Many seedlings in a pot prevent healthy growth ① Preventing root development in soil ② Seedlings in the middle cannot get enough sunlight ③ High population leads to outbreak of pests & diseases • Difficult to transplant the seedlings if many seedlings are there in a pot →Very difficult to loosen the tangled roots