1 RUSSIA History of Russia 2 In the

1 RUSSIA

History of Russia 2 In the 18 th century, the nation had expanded through conquest, annexation and exploration to become the Russian Empire, the third largest empire in history. The Russia-Japan War started in 1904 and ended in 1905 with Japan winning the war. The Russian defeat was one of the reasons for later revolutions. In October 1917, the Bolsheviks (later called "Communists"), influenced by the ideas of Karl Marx and Vladimir Lenin, took over the country. They created the first Marxist Communist State under Vladimir Lenin and Leon Trotsky (USSR).

CONT’D… 3 From the 1920 s to the 1950 s, Josef Stalin ruled as an absolute dictator of Soviet Russia, and destroyed anything and anyone that was against his rule. Soviet Russia and Nazi Germany agreed not to attack each other in 1939. In June 1941, Germany broke the agreement and attacked in Oeration Barbarossa. Russia lost more than 20 million people during the WWII. In spite of this large loss, Russia was one of the winners of the war and became a world superpower after the war.

CONT’D… 4 The Cold War ended with the fall of the Soviet Union in the early 1990 s. Russia took over the place of the USSR. Boris Yeltsin was elected the President of Russia in June 1991, in the first direct presidential election in Russian history. There was a transition from centrally planned economy to capitalism and from authoritarian dictatorship to democracy.

CONT’D… 5 On 31 December 1999 President Yeltsin resigned and Prime Minister, Vladimir Putin was appointed. Putin then won the 2000 presidential election. While many reforms made during the Putin presidency have been criticized by Western nations as undemocratic, Putin's leadership led to stability, and progress. This won him widespread popularity in Russia. On 2 March 2008, Dmitry Medvedev was elected President of Russia, whilst Putin became Prime Minister. Putin returned to the presidency following the 2012 presidential elections, and Medvedev was

RUSSIA FEDERATION 6 Ø Ø Ø Russia, officially known as the Russian Federation, is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects. It is one of the biggest countries in the world. § Ø Ø Approximately 150, 000 inhabitants It is the largest country (in land areas) on Earth, covering more than one-eighth of the Earth’s inhabited land area. It has had extremely rapid political and economic change since 1990.

Freedom Status of Russia 7 Russia Freedom Status PR Not free 7 CL Freedom Rating Aggregate Score 6 6. 5 20 PR = Political Rights CL = Civil Liberties CL, PR, Freedom Rating Explanation: 1 = most free and 7 = least free Aggregate Score Explanation: 0 = least free, 100 = most free

2016 Corruption Perceptions Index 8 2016 Rank 131 Country Score RUSSIA 2015 Change in score from previous year 29 Less corrupt 0 Score 29 2014 Change in score from previous year 2 Score 27 More corrupt Change in score from previous year -1 Scores 100. . 9 : 89. . 80 79. . 70 69. . 60 59. . 50 49. . 40 39. . 30 29. . 20 19. . 10 9. . 0 0

CONT’D… 9 Ø Ø In October 2003, the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) became a broader collective security organization (with Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan since 2006). Russia has the second largest military power in the world. § § It is not among the leaders in military expenditures. Its arsenal is getting old. It has serious problems with modernization of its military forces and arms.

Economic Development 10 Russia has an upper-middle income economy and emerging financial market. It became a member of the International Monetary Fund (IMF, 1992) and the G 8 (1994, where it did not have full membership until 1998) and the Council of Europe (1996). In October 2000, the Eurasian Economic Community was established (with Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia and Tajikistan as members. Uzbekistan was a member only between 2006 -2008). In 2010, the Customs Union of Belarus, Kazakhstan

CONT’D… 11 Russia’s extensive mineral and energy resources, the largest reserves in the world, have made it one of the largest producers of oil and natural gas globally. Russia holds first place in the world in explored reserves of natural gas (32%). Russia is the second largest producer and exporter of petroleum in the world. Export products: Natural gas, petroleum oils, coal, unwrought aluminium and diamands Import products: Machinery, plant or laboratory equipment motor cars and other motor vehicles parts and accessories for tractors and transmission aparatus for radio-telephony

Trade Partners of Russia 12 Main Customers (% of Exports) 2015 Netherlands 11. 7% China 8. 2% Italy 4. 7% Germany 4. 6% Japan 4. 2% Others 66. 5% Main Suppliers (% of Imports) 2015 China 19. 3% Germany 10. 4% United States 6. 3% Belarus 4. 4% Italy 4. 3% Others 55. 4%

CONT’D. . . 13 GDP growth (Annual %) Inflation 1990 2000 2016 -3. 0 10 4. 5 -0. 2 15. 9 37. 7 14. 2 3. 6

CONT’D… 14 Breakdown of Economic Activity By Sector Employment By Sector (in % of Total Employment) Agriculture Industry Services 6. 7 27. 2 66. 1 Value Added (in % of GDP) 4. 7 32. 4 62. 8 Value Added (Annual % Change) 3. 3 -0. 1 -0. 6

Social Development 15 § § The strong point of Russia is its culture and education. The Russian population is 100 percent literate. Unemployment rate 1990 -2016

Poverty headcount ratio at $1. 90 a day (2011 PPP) (% of population) 16

CONT’D… 17 1990 2000 2016 Life Expectancy at births (years) 69 65 69 71 Fertility Rate (births per woman) 1. 9 1. 2 1. 6 1. 8 Mortality Rate, under 5 (per 1000 live births) 26 23 12 10

HDI value of BRICS, 1980 -2012 1980 1985 1990 1995 …. . 0. 730 …. . 0. 713 0. 753 0. 782 0. 788 Brazil 0. 522 …. . 0. 590 …. . 0. 669 0. 699 0. 726 0. 730 China 0. 407 …. . 0. 495 …. . 0. 590 0. 637 0. 689 0. 699 South Africa 0. 570 …. . 0. 621 …. . 0. 622 0. 604 0. 621 0. 629 India 0. 345 …. . 0. 410 …. . 0. 463 0. 507 0. 540 0. 554 Countries Russian Federation 2000 2005 2010 2012

FUTURE? ? ? 19 v v v Weak economy! Commitment to democracy uncertain! Nationalist movements threaten stability!