1 Only two things are infinite the universe

找句中限定動詞 – 1 • Only two things are infinite, the universe and human stupidity, and I’m not sure about the former. • If your hypothesis was wrong, you have to come up with a new one. • The statement 3=+6$ is structurally illegal, because you can't have a plus sign immediately after an equals sign. © Yukon Chang 2007 科技英文 3

答案 - 1 • Only two things are infinite, the universe and human stupidity, and I’m not sure about the former. (I’m = I am，am是限定 動詞。) • If your hypothesis was wrong, you have to come up with a new one. (have to=must是 助動詞，come才是真正的限定動詞。) • The statement 3=+6$ is structurally illegal, because you can't have a plus sign immediately after an equals sign. © Yukon Chang 2007 科技英文 4

找句中限定動詞 – 2 • An electric field is an invisible entity which exists in the region around a charged particle. • One of Linus's earlier projects was a program that would switch between printing AAAA and BBBB. • Materials in which the charge is free to move about are referred to as conductors. © Yukon Chang 2007 科技英文 5

答案 - 2 • An electric field is an invisible entity which exists in the region around a charged particle. (charged是過去分詞，不是限定動詞。) • One of Linus's earlier projects was a program that would switch between printing AAAA and BBBB. (printing是現在分詞，不是限定動詞。 ) • Materials in which the charge is free to move about are referred to as conductors. (to move是 不定詞，不是限定動詞。) © Yukon Chang 2007 科技英文 6

找句中限定動詞 – 3 • It is a basic output statement, meaning that it outputs or displays a message on the screen. • One interesting aspect of the process is that the rubbing only causes lots of molecules in the fur to come very close to molecules in the rubber. • We know what we needed to know. • We find that the foil is attracted to the rubber rod, even though the foil remains neutral. • One point that we did not make in the discussion above is that charge is conserved. © Yukon Chang 2007 科技英文 7

答案 - 3 • It is a basic output statement, meaning that it outputs or displays a message on the screen. • One interesting aspect of the process is that the rubbing only causes lots of molecules in the fur to come very close to molecules in the rubber. • We know what we needed to know. • We find that the foil is attracted to the rubber rod, even though the foil remains neutral. • One point that we did not make in the discussion above is that charge is conserved. © Yukon Chang 2007 科技英文 8

找句中限定動詞 – 4 • There is no limit to the number of statements that can be in main, but the example contains only one. • I thought that I was admitted to the college that my father attended years ago, but I was wrong. • One of the most important skills you should acquire from working with this book is debugging. • The only values we have manipulated so far are the string values we have been outputting, like "Hello, world. ". © Yukon Chang 2007 科技英文 9

答案 - 4 • There is no limit to the number of statements that can be in main, but the example contains only one. • I thought that I was admitted to the college that my father attended years ago, but I was wrong. • One of the most important skills you should acquire from working with this book is debugging. • The only values we have manipulated so far are the string values we have been outputting, like "Hello, world. ". © Yukon Chang 2007 科技英文 10

分割子句的關鍵字 • 找限定動詞 找關鍵字 分割子句 分 析各子句 分割方法 關鍵字 切 對等連接詞：and, but, or, for, yet, nor, so 附屬連接詞：if, because, although, since, while, until, unless, so that, before, after, rather than, as if, as long as, etc. (參見§ 10. 1) 挖 關係代名詞：who, whose, whom, which, that (參 見§ 8. 2) 換 主要是that，此外還有where, when, what, how, why (參見§ 8. 3, 7. 5) © Yukon Chang 2007 科技英文 13

切字訣 • Only two things are infinite, the universe and human stupidity, and I'm not sure about the former. • Only two things are infinite, the universe and human stupidity, © Yukon Chang 2007 • and I'm not sure about the former. 科技英文 15

CSA分析 • Original sentence: Only two things are infinite, the universe and human stupidity, and I'm not sure about the former. (Albert Einstein的名句，關鍵字 = and) • Clause 1: Only two things are infinite, the universe and human stupidity, • Clause 2: and I'm not sure about the former. • Analysis: • Clause 1: Only two things are infinite, the universe and human stupidity, • S+V: Only two things are C: 只有兩件事是 © Yukon Chang 2007 科技英文 16

CSA分析 (cont. ) • Q: 是什麼? E: Only two things are infinite, C: 只有兩件事是無限的 • Q: 那兩件事? E: Only two things are infinite, the universe and human stupidity, C: 只有宇宙及人的愚蠢這兩件事是無限的， • Clause 2: and I'm not sure about the former. • S+V: and I'm not C: 我不是 © Yukon Chang 2007 科技英文 17

切字訣 • If your hypothesis was wrong, you have to come up with a new one. • If your hypothesis was wrong, © Yukon Chang 2007 • you have to come up with a new one. 科技英文 19

CSA分析 • Original sentence: If your hypothesis was wrong, you have to come up with a new one. (關鍵字= If) • Clause 1: If your hypothesis was wrong, • Clause 2: you have to come up with a new one. • Analysis: • Clause 1: If your hypothesis was wrong, • S+V: If your hypothesis was C: 如果你的假設是 © Yukon Chang 2007 科技英文 20

CSA分析 (cont. ) • Q: 是什麼? E: If your hypothesis was wrong, C: 如果你的假設是錯的 • Clause 2: you have to come up with a new one. • S+V: you have to come up with C: 你必須提出 • Q: 提出什麼? E: you have to come up with a new one. C: 你必須提出一個新的假設 • Final translation: 如果你的假設是錯的，你必須 提出一個新的假設。 © Yukon Chang 2007 科技英文 21

挖字訣 • An electric field is an invisible entity which exists in the region around a charged particle. • An electric field is an invisible entity © Yukon Chang 2007 • which(=entity) exists in the region around a charged particle. 科技英文 23

CSA分析 • Original sentence: An electric field is an invisible entity which exists in the region around a charged particle. (關鍵字= which) • Clause 1: An electric field is an invisible entity • Clause 2: which(=entity) exists in the region around a charged particle. • Analysis: • Clause 1: An electric field is an invisible entity • S+V: An electric field is C: 電場是 © Yukon Chang 2007 科技英文 24

CSA分析 (cont. ) • Q: 是什麼? E: An electric field is an invisible entity C: 電場是一個看不見的東西 • Clause 2: which(=entity) exists in the region around a charged particle. • S+V: which(=entity) exists C: 這東西(電場)存在於 • Q: 存在於什麼? E: which(=entity) exists in the region C: 這東西(電場)存在於區域 © Yukon Chang 2007 科技英文 25

挖字訣 • Materials in which the charge is free to move about are referred to as conductors. • Materials are referred to as conductors. © Yukon Chang 2007 • in which(=material) the charge is free to move about 科技英文 27

CSA分析 • Original sentence: Materials in which the charge is free to move about are referred to as conductors. (關 鍵字=which，更正確的說是in which) • Clause 1: Materials are referred to as conductors. • Clause 2: in which(=material) the charge is free to move about • Analysis: • Clause 1: Materials are referred to as conductors. • S+V: Materials are referred to C: 物質被稱為 © Yukon Chang 2007 科技英文 28

CSA分析 (cont. ) • Q: 稱為什麼? E: Materials are referred to as conductors. C: 物質被稱為導體 • Clause 2: in which(=material) the charge is free to move about • S+V: the charge is C: 電荷是 • Q: 是什麼? E: the charge is free to move about C: 電荷是自由的移動 © Yukon Chang 2007 科技英文 29

CSA分析 (cont. ) • Q: 在那裡自由移動? E: in which(=material) the charge is free to move about C: 電荷是在此物質中自由的移動 • Final translation: 電荷在其中可自由移動的物質 稱為導體。 © Yukon Chang 2007 科技英文 30

換字訣 • It is a basic output statement, meaning that it outputs or displays a message on the screen. • that it outputs or displays a message on the screen. sth • It is a basic output statement, meaning (sth=that…) © Yukon Chang 2007 科技英文 32

CSA分析 • Original sentence: It is a basic output statement, meaning that it outputs or displays a message on the screen. (關鍵字= that) • Clause 1: It is a basic output statement, meaning (sth=that. . . ) • Clause 2: that it outputs or displays a message on the screen. • Analysis: • Clause 1: It is a basic output statement, meaning (sth=that. . . ) • S+V: It is C: 它是 © Yukon Chang 2007 科技英文 33

CSA分析 (cont. ) • Q: 它是什麼? E: It is a basic output statement, C: 它是一個基本的輸出敘述 • Q: 意思是什麼? E: It is a basic output statement, meaning (sth=that. . . ) C: 它是一個基本的輸出敘述，意思是下面講的 某件事 • Clause 2: that it outputs or displays a message on the screen. • S+V: that it outputs or displays C: 它輸出或顯現 © Yukon Chang 2007 科技英文 34

換字訣 • One interesting aspect of the process is that the rubbing only causes lots of molecules in the fur to come very close to molecules in the rubber. • that the rubbing only causes lots of molecules in the fur to come very close to molecules in the rubber. sth • One interesting aspect of the process is (sth=that…) © Yukon Chang 2007 科技英文 36

CSA分析 • Original sentence: One interesting aspect of the process is that the rubbing only causes lots of molecules in the fur to come very close to molecules in the rubber. (關鍵字= that) • Clause 1: One interesting aspect of the process is (sth=that. . . ) • Clause 2: that the rubbing only causes lots of molecules in the fur to come very close to molecules in the rubber. © Yukon Chang 2007 科技英文 37

CSA分析 (cont. ) • Analysis: • Clause 1: One interesting aspect of the process is (sth=that. . . ) S+V: One interesting aspect of the process is C: 這過程中有趣的一件事是 • Q: 是什麼? E: One interesting aspect of the process is (sth=that. . . ) C: 這過程中有趣的一件事是某件事 © Yukon Chang 2007 科技英文 38

CSA分析 (cont. ) • Clause 2: that the rubbing only causes lots of molecules in the fur to come very close to molecules in the rubber. • S+V: that the rubbing only causes C: 摩擦只導致 • Q: 導致什麼? E: that the rubbing only causes lots of molecules in the fur C: 摩擦只導致皮毛裡的大量分子 © Yukon Chang 2007 科技英文 39

CSA分析 (cont. ) • Q: 分子做什麼事? E: that the rubbing only causes lots of molecules in the fur to come very close C: 摩擦只導致皮毛裡的大量分子與. . . 非常接近 • Q: 與什麼接近? E: that the rubbing only causes lots of molecules in the fur to come very close to molecules in the rubber. C: 摩擦只導致皮毛裡的大量分子與橡膠棒上的 分子非常接近 • Final translation: 這過程中有趣的一件事是摩擦 只導致皮毛裡的大量分子與橡膠棒上的分子非常 接近。 © Yukon Chang 2007 科技英文 40

§ 3. 6 更多例句 - 1 • Original sentence: We find that the foil is attracted to the rubber rod, even though the foil remains neutral. (關鍵字= that, even though，對應動作=換 +切) • Clause 1: We find (sth=that. . . ) • Clause 2: that the foil is attracted to the rubber rod, • Clause 3: even though the foil remains neutral. • Final translation: 我們發現錫箔紙被吸引向橡膠 棒，即使錫箔紙仍舊不帶電。 © Yukon Chang 2007 科技英文 42

更多例句 - 2 • Original sentence: One point that we did not make in the discussion above is that charge is conserved. ( 關鍵字= that, that、對應動作=挖+換) • Clause 1: One point is (sth=that. . . ) • Clause 2: that(=point) we did not make in the discussion above • Clause 3: that charge is conserved. • Final translation: 在先前的討論中我們沒有提出 的一個要點是電荷是守恆的。 © Yukon Chang 2007 科技英文 43

更多例句 - 3 • Original sentence: There is no limit to the number of statements that can be in main, but the example contains only one. (關鍵字= that, but，對應動作= 挖+切) • Clause 1: There is no limit to the number of statements • Clause 2: that(=statements) can be in main, • Clause 3: but the example contains only one. • Final translation: 沒有限制在main函式中可以有 幾個敘述，但是這個例子中只有一個。 © Yukon Chang 2007 科技英文 44

§ 3. 7 省略的關鍵字 • 英文文法允許省略一些關鍵字，尤其是that • 靠經驗感覺找出省掉什麼字再把它加回來 • 例如， – One of the most important skills you should acquire from working with this book is debugging. (你應從本書中學 到的重要技巧之一是除錯。) 兩個限定動詞 兩個子句，關鍵字 = ? – One of the most important skills (that) you should acquire from working with this book is debugging. © Yukon Chang 2007 科技英文 46

省略的關鍵字 - 2 • The only values we have manipulated so far are the string values we have been outputting, like "Hello, world. ". (到目前為止，你唯一 操控過的值是我們曾印出過的字串值，像 是"Hello, world. "。 ) • The only values (that) we have manipulated so far are the string values (that) we have been outputting, like "Hello, world. ". © Yukon Chang 2007 科技英文 47

省略的關鍵字 - 3 • Suppose you charge a rubber rod and then touch it to a neutral object. (假設你讓橡膠棒 帶電然後讓它接觸一個不帶電的物體。 ) • Suppose (that) you charge a rubber rod and then touch it to a neutral object. © Yukon Chang 2007 科技英文 48

§ 3. 8 極短子句的處理 • 極短的子句可以不分割出來 • Original sentence: The idea is that you should always start with a working program that does something, and make small modifications, debugging them as you go, so that you always have a working program. • Clause 1: The idea is (sth=that) • Clause 2: that you should always start with a working program and make small modifications, debugging them as you go, • Clause 3: that(=program) does something, • Clause 4: so that you always have a working program. © Yukon Chang 2007 科技英文 50

極短子句的處理 - 2 • Analysis: • Clause 1: The idea is (sth=that) • S+V: The idea is C: 構想是 • Q: 是什麼? E: The idea is (sth=that) C: 構想是某事 • Clause 2: that you should always start with a working program and make small modifications, debugging them as you go, (子句二中其實還藏了一個短子句as you go ) © Yukon Chang 2007 科技英文 51

極短子句的處理 - 3 • S+V: that you should always start with and make C: 你應永遠以. . . 開始並做 • Q: 開始什麼? 做什麼? E: that you should always start with a working program and make small modifications, C: 你應永遠以一個能跑的程式開始並做小增修 • Q: 還有什麼? E: that you should always start with a working program and make small modifications, debugging them as you go, C: 你應永遠以一個能跑的程式開始並做小增修，一面增 修一面改錯 • Clause 3: that(=program) does something, • S+V: that(=program) does C: 程式做 © Yukon Chang 2007 科技英文 52