1 On a piece of blank paper make

1. On a piece of blank paper, make a list of everything you have eaten for lunch, dinner and breakfast. (Water and sugarless products do not count) 2. If you had a peanut butter and jelly sandwich with a glass of milk, it would be: bread jelly peanut butter milk

What do all living things need?

Energy! All living things need a constant flow of energy

3. In groups of 4, construct a food pyramid that has four levels and label the levels: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Producer Primary Consumer Secondary Consumer Top Consumer On the piece of paper where you wrote down all the foods you ate, next to them, write down what trophic level they are.

Place these terms into the area on the pyramid where you feel they belong Primary Consumer Producer Top Consumer Secondary Consumer Plant Carnivore Herbivore

Top Consumers Primary Consumer Producer Secondary Consumers Carnivores Top Consumer Secondary Consumer Plant Carnivore Primary Consumers Herbivores Decomposers Fungus & Bacteria Herbivore Producers Plants

4. Using a different color marker person, put your list onto the group pyramid. 5. Each member of your group should do the same 6. Have a key indicating by color, who ate what on your pyramid

These are all plant products Producers Milk comes from a cow – Primary consumer Tuna eat fish that eat smaller fish that feeds on plankton

Where on the Food Pyramid did most of your food end up?

From where did the producers get their energy?

By what process do the producers capture solar energy & convert it into a usable form for all living things?

Chapters 8 & 9: Photosynthesis & Respiration Aka: Energetics

Photosynthesis • Process by which green plants or organism with chlorophyll, convert light energy into chemical energy in the bonds of carbohydrates (glucose)

• Autotrophic – – Can transfer energy to produce food – can synthesize food – Plants, some bacteria & protists • Heterotrophic – – Must obtain energy from preformed food – need to eat food – Fungus, all animals, some bacteria & protists

• • • What is needed for autotrophs to photosynthesize? Carbon dioxide (atmospheric) Water (in the soil or air) Sunlight (or artificial light source) Chlorophyll (present in leaves and sometimes stems) Enzymes (to regulate the rate of the reaction) Chlorophyll

Experiments that lead to our understanding of Photosynthesis • • • Van Helmont (1600’s) Experiment w/ potted plant to determine what a plant uses to grow. Conclusion: Water is necessary for plant growth

In his words • I took an earthen pot and in it placed 200 pounds of earth which had been dried out in an oven. This I moistened with rain water, and in it planted a shoot of willow which weighed five pounds. When five years had passed the tree which grew from it weighed 169 pounds and about three ounces. The earthen pot was wetted whenever it was necessary with rain or distilled water only. It was very large, and was sunk in the ground, and had a tin plated iron lid with many holes punched in it, which covered the edge of the pot to keep air-borne dust from mixing with the earth. I did not keep track of the weight of the leaves which fell in each of the four autumns. Finally, I dried out the earth in the pot once more, and found the same 200 pounds, less about 2 ounces. Thus, 164 pounds of wood, bark, and roots had arisen from water alone. " (rewritten by Howe 1965)

Priestley (1771) • Experimented w/ candle, plant & jar. • Conclusion: Plants produce oxygen that is necessary for the candle to stay lit.

Ingen Housz (1779) • • Repeated Priestly’s experiment but plant in darkness with candle. Conclusion: Light is needed for photosynthesis & oxygen production.

Are you ready for Photosynthesis? Let’s get into this!!!!!

General formula for Photosynthesis • CO 2 +H 2 O (w/chlorophyll & enzymes) + light C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 + H 2 O

This process actually occurs in 80 chemical reactions Oxygen

Where in a plant does photosynthesis occur? • Chloroplasts contain the pigment chlorophyll • Chloroplasts are oval structures consisting of stacked grana (Thylakoids photosynthetic membranes) • and a liquid called stroma Chlorophyll is found in the stacked grana

• Main photosynthetic pigments are chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b • Other pigments in plastids are accessory pigments to absorb all the wavelengths of light

So what is light? • White light • Color depends of which wavelength is being reflected. • So if a leaf is green, green light or wavelengths are being reflected and all other colors are being absorbed. If black, all the wavelengths (or colors) are being absorbed, reflecting nothing. • Absorbed wavelengths become energy (heat or kinetic).

Plants just love red and blue light. They don’t utilize much green or yellow

Why do leaves change color in the fall? • Since chlorophyll a & b are the least water soluble pigments, they break down first when water is sparse. • This leaves the other pigments like the carotenoids, oids cyanins and xanthophylls to remain longer until they break down.

What happens to the energy absorbed by the chlorophyll of the plants? • The energy will be stored in the bonds of Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP). Adenine 3 phosphate groups Ribose

• ATP is made up of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups. • ATP acts as temporary energy storage • You make and breakdown ATP molecules constantly. • ADP + energy = ATP Think of ATP like: cash in your pocket • Glucose: like an ATM card • Glycogen: like your savings account • Lipids: like a Savings Bond or Stocks • Proteins: are the bank building. You only get energy out of them if you burn the bank

High Energy bond. This is where the energy from the sun is being stored in the chlorophyll molecules When broken, energy will be released.

ATP ADP +P When energy is added to ADP, the 3 rd phosphate group is added to ADP to make ATP When the 3 rd phosphate group is removed, ATP becomes ADP + P and energy is released

Photosynthesis occurs in 2 major steps 1. Light Reaction – occurs only in the presence of light. – Occurs in the grana (thylakoids) of the chloroplasts – Also known as Photolysis because light is used to split water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen

Light Dependant Reaction This one is my favorite!

2. Calvin Cycle (Light Independent rxn)– rxn can occur in light or darkness. Follows light reaction – Occurs in the stroma of the chloroplasts – Also known as Carbon fixation because CO 2 will get “fixed up”, combined with the hydrogens and energy (ATP and NADPH) from the light reaction to produce Glucose

Glucose

The Steps in Photosynthesis THE LIGHT REACTION • 1) The light energy strikes the leaf, passes into the leaf and hits a chloroplast inside an individual cell. • 2) The light energy, upon entering the chloroplasts, is captured by the chlorophyll inside a grana’s thylakoids – Electrons are excited. NADPH & ATP are formed • 3) Inside the grana some of the energy is used to split water into hydrogen and oxygen • 4) The oxygen is released into the air

Summary

THE CALVIN CYCLE 5) The hydrogen (from NADPH) is taken to the stroma along with the grana's remaining light energy (ATP). (ATP 6) Carbon dioxide enters the leaf and passes into the chloroplast. 7) In the stroma, the remaining light energy (ATP) ( is used to combine hydrogen (from NADPH) and carbon dioxide to make carbohydrates. This occurs during the Calvin Cycle 8) The energy rich carbohydrates are carried to the plant's cells. 9) The energy rich carbohydrates are used by the cells to drive the plant's life processes.

Light Dependant Reaction This one is my favorite!

Great Summary of Photosynthesis & Respiration • A good one • Rap

Factors Influencing the Rate of Photosynthesis

Temperature As temperature increases, the rate of photosynthesis increase up to an optimum temperature of about 37`C after which enzymes become denatured and there is a steady decrease in the rate of photosynthesis.

Light Intensity As the light intensity increases, there is a steady increase in the rate of photosynthesis up until a point where the rate will plateau. At this point, all electrons in the photosystems are in action and are bound to electrons carriers. The electrons carriers in the Electron Transport Chain can only carry so many electrons and no more.

CO 2 Concentration As the CO 2 concentration increases, there is a steady rate of increase and once again, there is a saturation point. This point occurs during the Calvin Cycle when all the CO 2 is bounded to the starting molecules (Ru. BP) in the Calvin Cycle.

Chapter 9: Respiration aka: Getting energy from the cake

Think of Photosynthesis like baking a cake. The plant takes the raw materials (CO 2 & H 2 O), puts them together using energy (heat), & synthesize the cake. In order to get the energy out of the cake, the plant & us must ingest it (eat), digest it (break it down into its monomers) & then we must “burn it” to release the energy stored in the bonds of the cake. THIS IS RESPIRATION

Relating Respiration to Photosynthesis takes in energy (Light), CO 2 & H 2 O and produces O 2 and Glucose. Respiration takes in O 2 & Glucose and produces CO 2 & H 2 O with the release of energy (ATP)

How do we get the energy out of the food that we have consumed?

What is a calorie? • It is a measure of the amount of energy in a nutrient. • The amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water, 1`c • 1 Calorie = 1000 calories (a kilocalorie is how we measure calories) – Carbohydrates = 4000 calories (4 C)/gram – Protein = 4000 calories/gram – Lipid = 9000 calories/gram

Cellular Respiration • Is the process by which organisms obtain the energy that they need by releasing the chemical energy stored in nutrients • Nutrient = Glucose • Chemical Energy = ATP

Two Types of Respiration • Aerobic Respiration – needs oxygen to release the energy in food C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2 6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O + 36 ATP • Anaerobic Respiration – can release the energy from food without the need of oxygen. (Some bacteria & yeast) C 6 H 12 O 6 2 CO 2 + 2 Ethanol + 2 ATP C 6 H 12 O 6 Lactic acid + 2 ATP

Anaerobic Respiration • Also known as Fermentation • Occurs in the cytoplasm of yeast & some bacterial cells • Since the organism are very small & simple, do not need much ATP

Anaerobic Respiration occurs in two steps 1. Glycolysis Glen Glucose (6 Carbons) is broken down into 2 Pyruvic (3 Carbons each) acid molecules + 2 ATP (activation energy) Produces 4 ATP, netting 2 ATP

Fermentation • The 2 Pyruvic Acids will break down into: 1. Alcohol + CO 2 (if yeast & some bacteria) C 6 H 12 O 6 2 CO 2 + 2 Ethanol + 2 ATP 2. Lactic Acid (some bacteria) C 6 H 12 O 6 Lactic acid + 2 ATP Both forms will not produce any more ATP molecules

Uses for Fermentation • Yeast & some bacteria Used in baking, wine making & brewing industry • Bacteria Lactic acid production is used in cheese processing, buttermilk, sour cream, yogurt, sauerkraut, pickles. The souring of dairy products is actually the production of lactic acid by anaerobic bacteria

Aerobic Respiration • Occurs in the Mitochondria on the cristae • Yields more ATP per molecule of glucose (36 – 38 molecules) of ATP/Glucose • Occurs in 3 basic steps

1. Glycolysis Using 2 ATP as activation energy, a glucose molecule is broken down into 2 Pyruvic Acid molecules. 4 ATP are produced, leaving 2 ATP netted Occurs in cytoplasm (just like anaerobic respiration) 2. Krebs Cycle – in the Mitochondria, the 2 Pyruvic acids are broken down, releasing 6 CO 2 & producing 2 ATP 3. Electron Transport Chain – Oxygen (the final electron acceptor) combines with hydrogen to produce WATER 32 ATP are produced

Krebs Cycle Pyruvic Acid Carbon Dioxide 2 Carbon Dioxides

Energy Tally from Aerobic Respiration

How much more efficient is Aerobic Respiration than Anaerobic Respiration at releasing ATP from one molecule of glucose? Aerobic respiration yields 2 + 32 36 ATP Anaerobic respiration yields 2 ATP _______ 36: 2 Aerobic Respiration is 18 x’s more efficient!!!

Muscle Fatigue • You are a big organism & need a lot of ATP to keep you fueled. • At times though, you may not be breathing correctly & therefore, aren’t taking in enough O 2 to remain an aerobic organism. • During this time, your body (muscle cells) convert to anaerobic respiration to give you some ATP. Hey 2 ATP are better than none! • Lactic acid accumulates in your muscle cells, acid burns the cells, causing you to cramp up & thus stop your activity & breathe normally