1 of 30 Boardworks Ltd 2007 2 of
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Mixtures and solutions A mixture is two or more substances that are mixed together but not chemically joined. A solution is a special type of mixture that is made when a solid dissolves and mixes with a liquid. For example, a cup of instant coffee is a solution. The solid that dissolves (e. g. coffee granules) is called the solute. The liquid that does the dissolving (e. g. hot water) is called the solvent. How many other examples of solutions can you think of? 3 of 30 © Boardworks Ltd 2007
Solubility experiment 4 of 30 © Boardworks Ltd 2007
What is solubility? Calcium carbonate is not soluble in water because the calcium carbonate and water particles are not able to mix. Copper sulfate is soluble in water because the copper sulfate and water particles are able to mix. water calcium carbonate 5 of 30 copper sulfate © Boardworks Ltd 2007
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Salty water Where does the salt around the Dead Sea come from? 7 of 30 © Boardworks Ltd 2007
Separating mixtures Sea water is a salty mixture that contains water, salt, sand other substances. The Dead Sea is a salty lake that contains some of the saltiest water in the world! The Dead Sea is almost six times more salty than the ocean, so nothing is able to live in it and that’s why it is called “dead”. The substances in a mixture, such as salty water, are not chemically joined which means they can be separated. How is salt separated from salty water? 8 of 30 © Boardworks Ltd 2007
How are solids separated out of mixtures? Separating an insoluble solid and a liquid: l If a solid is insoluble (e. g. sand in water) then it is easy to separate it by filtering the mixture. l The insoluble solid cannot pass through the filter paper but the water can. Separating a soluble solid and a liquid: l To separate a soluble solid from a liquid (e. g. salt and water), evaporation can be used. l The solution is heated so that the water evaporates and leaves the dissolved solid behind. 9 of 30 © Boardworks Ltd 2007
Filtering 10 of 30 © Boardworks Ltd 2007
Evaporation 11 of 30 © Boardworks Ltd 2007
Separating salt from sea water The main salt dissolved in sea water is ‘common salt’. In hot areas, how can the Sun be used to separate the salt from sea water? The heat of the Sun evaporates the water, the salt is left behind and collected in salt beds. Salt can also be obtained from ‘rock salt’ found in layers under the ground. How are dissolving, filtering and evaporating used to separate the salt from rock salt? 12 of 30 © Boardworks Ltd 2007
Separating solvents Evaporation can be use to separate and collect the solute in a solution. How can the solvent be collected? The technique use to obtain a solvent from its solution is called distillation. Distillation has three steps: l evaporating l condensing l collecting. The solution is heated so that the solvent (a liquid) evaporates and is turned into a gas. The solute is left behind. The gas cools in the condenser and turns back into a liquid. This liquid is collected and is pure solvent. 13 of 30 © Boardworks Ltd 2007
Distillation 14 of 30 © Boardworks Ltd 2007
Which separation technique? 15 of 30 © Boardworks Ltd 2007
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What is chromatography? Chromatography is used to separate mixtures of coloured or non-coloured substances that are soluble in the same solvent. A spot of the mixture is placed on some filter paper. In method A, the solvent is soaked up the paper. In method B, the solvent or is slowly dripped onto the paper. The substances in the mixture get separated because the more soluble substance spreads along the paper faster. 17 of 30 © Boardworks Ltd 2007
Chromatography experiment 18 of 30 © Boardworks Ltd 2007
Identifying dyes in a mixture Chromatography can be used to find out if a dye is made up of a single coloured substance or a mixture. Dots of known single dyes are placed alongside the dot for the unknown mixture. After the solvent washes through the paper, the pattern of the dyes in the mixture is compared with the single dyes. Which dyes does the mixture consist of? 19 of 30 © Boardworks Ltd 2007
Which dyes? 20 of 30 © Boardworks Ltd 2007
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Conservation of mass experiment 22 of 30 © Boardworks Ltd 2007
Conservation of mass If 10 g of salt is added to 50 g of water, what is the mass of the solution? + 50 g + 10 g 60? g How much salt will be recovered if the mixture is separated by evaporation? 23 of 30 © Boardworks Ltd 2007
Conservation of mass – extension If 10 g of salt is added to 50 g of sea water, what is the mass of the solution? + 50 g + 10 g 60? g How much salt will be recovered if the mixture is separated by evaporation? 24 of 30 © Boardworks Ltd 2007
Does a solid keep dissolving? 25 of 30 © Boardworks Ltd 2007
How does temperature affect solubility? Does sugar dissolve in cold tea? The sugar does dissolve but not as much as in a cup of hot tea. The sugar is more soluble at higher temperatures. The amount of a solute that can dissolve at a given temperature is called its solubility. How does temperature affect the solubility of a substance? The solubility of a substance usually increases as the temperature increases. 26 of 30 © Boardworks Ltd 2007
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Glossary =dissolving – The mixing of a solid with a liquid to make a solution. =mixture – Two or more substances that are mixed together but are not chemically joined. =saturated – A solution containing the maximum amount of solute that it can hold. =soluble – A substance that can dissolve in a solvent. =solubility – A measure of how much solute can dissolve in a solvent at a given temperature. =solute – Solid that dissolves in a solvent to make a solution. =solution – Mixture made when a solute dissolves in a solvent. =solvent – Liquid in which a solid dissolves to make a solution. 28 of 30 © Boardworks Ltd 2007
Anagrams 29 of 30 © Boardworks Ltd 2007
Multiple-choice quiz 30 of 30 © Boardworks Ltd 2007
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