1 Huennekens 2015 Review and preview Phonology production

1 Huennekens 2015 Review and preview • Phonology– production and analysis of the sounds of language • Semantics – words and their meanings • Today – Morphology and Syntax

2 Morphological Development ECSE 500 Spring 2015 Huennekens 2015

3 Huennekens 2015 Morphology • In biology: the study of the form and structure of animals and plants • In linguistics: the study and description of how words are formed in a language

4 Huennekens 2015 Morphemes • The basic units of morphology - a minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function • Example: ▫ ▫ Words: talk, talks, talker, talked, talking Morphemes: talk, ~s, ~er, ~ed, ~ing Word: reopened Morphemes: re~, open, ~ed

5 Morphemes and Syllables Huennekens 2015 • Lady ▫ two syllables (la. dy) ▫ one morpheme • Disagreeable ▫ five syllables (dis. a. gree. a. ble), ▫ three morphemes (dis+agree+able)

6 Huennekens 2015 Free and Bound Morphemes • Free Morphemes can stand by themselves ▫ Examples? talk, open, tour, hunt, act • Bound Morphemes cannot stand alone, and are usually tied to another morpheme. ▫ Examples? ~s, ~er, ~ed, ~ing, re~, ~ate • All AFFIXES are bound morphemes!

Free and Bound Morphemes Huennekens 2015 • When a free morpheme has bound morphemes attached, we typically call it a stem. ▫ Word: teachers (teach –er-s) • Not all words have a free morpheme! ▫ Words: receive, reduce, repeat ▫ Morphemes: re~, ~ceive, ~duce, ~peat 7

8 What are the morphemes? What are the stems? Are they bound or free? Huennekens 2015 ▫ ▫ undignified restlessness disrespectful dishonesty ▫ farmers ▫ friendliness ▫ artistic

9 Huennekens 2015 FREE MORPHEMES • Two categories - lexical morphemes and functional morphemes ▫ ▫ Lexical Morphemes: words that carry content nouns (girl, man, house, tiger) adjectives (sad, long, yellow, sincere) verbs (look, follow, break, go) • Lexical morphemes are open class – we can create new ones easily!

10 Huennekens 2015 FREE MORPHEMES • Functional Morphemes – all other free morphemes • Examples: ▫ ▫ the, a, an (articles) at, in, on, above (prepositions) he, she, her, we, that, these (pronouns) nor, but, so (conjunctions) • Functional morphemes are closed class – we rarely (almost never) create new ones!

11 Huennekens 2015 BOUND MORPHEMES (derivational and inflectional) • Derivational Morphemes – ▫ When added to a stem, they almost always change the part of speech of the word ▫ Examples: ▫ good (adjective) + ~ness = goodness (noun) ▫ care (noun or verb) + ~less = careless (adjective) ▫ pay (verb) + ~ment = payment (noun)

12 Huennekens 2015 BOUND MORPHEMES (derivational and inflectional) • Inflectional Morphemes – show different grammatical forms of the same word • Nouns – (Plural ~s & Possessive ‘s) ▫ books, cats, teachers Jane’s, UCF’s, students’ • Verbs ▫ 3 rd person singular ~s - walks, works, visits ▫ Progressive ~ing – walking, working, visiting ▫ Past tense ~ed – walked, worked, visited

13 Huennekens 2015 BOUND MORPHEMES • Inflectional Morphemes – show different grammatical forms of the same word • Adjectives ▫ Comparative ~er - smaller, louder, prettier ▫ Superlative ~est - smallest, loudest, prettiest • In English, there are EIGHT inflectional morphemes.

14 BOUND MORPHEMES Huennekens 2015 • Find the 8 types of Inflectional Morphemes in the sentences below: • 1. Jim’s two sisters are really different. • 2. One likes to have fun and is always laughing. • 3. The other liked to read as a child and has always taken things seriously. • 4. One is the loudest person in the house and the other is quieter than a mouse.

15 Huennekens 2015 Review • The girl's mother slowly filled the bucket with water" ▫ 1 -sentence, it has 9 -words, and 13 -syllables, and it contains twelve morphemes. • "He meets the unhappiest boys" ▫ 1 -sentence, it has 5 -words, and 8 -syllables, and it contains nine morphemes.

16 Huennekens 2015 Overregularizations • Children will use regular morphology in places where the adult language requires irregular morphology. ▫ foots, comed, holded, and mouses,

17 Huennekens 2015 Overregularizations • "He putted the plate on the table. " ▫ A past tense morpheme has been added to the verb, but it's not supposed to be there. • "They have six childrens. “ ▫ The word "children" is already plural, but someone has added a needless plural suffix. • Think of more examples.

18 Huennekens 2015 Strategies … • Linguistic Scaffolding • Expansion • Language-rich environment ▫ Shared-reading ▫ Role-playing ▫ Plan-do-review

19 Huennekens 2015 What we know: • Morphological development occurs through adolescence. • Poor reading ability has been linked to weak morphological skills. • Morphology contributes to vocabulary, shortterm memory, reading ability, verbal and nonverbal intelligence, phonological awareness, and orthographic knowledge.