1 How many people speak the same language

概述（1） • 个人—社团—民族——语言的个性、 共性与变体：How many people speak the same language even when they are speaking the same language? • “标准语言”和方言——子虚乌有的 “标准语言”：A standard language is a dialect with an army and a navy.

音素层面的区别（1） • 卷舌音 [r] • Mysterious, experience, serious • [ɑr] VS. [ɑ: ] • Arm, argue, departure, party, pardon, market, far, sharp, heart, star, smart

音素层面的区别（2） • [ɔr] VS. [ɔ: ] • Organic, order, force, morning, core, soar, board, war, court, source • [ɝ] VS. [ə: ] • Work, word, world, term, burn, bird, serve, dirt, nurse, curse, virtue, first, birth

音素层面的区别（3） • [ɚ] VS. [ə] • Better, caretaker, lawyer, manner, doctor, motor, minor, protector, shower, tower • [Ir] VS. [iə] • Ear, clear, near, gear, fear, hear, beard, weird, severe, career, cheer, fierce

音素层面的区别（4） • [ɛr] VS. [eə] • Air, hair, lair, fair, pair, chair, repair, stair, scare, dare, spare, swear, prepare • [ur] VS. [uə] • Poor, tour, detour, moor, lure, allure, sure, ensure, assure

音素层面的区别（5） • [ɔ] VS. [ɔ: ] • Walk, talk, law, saw, cause, flaw, caught, taught, daughter, automobile, brought • [ɑ] VS. [ɔ][ɒ] • Body, hot, dog, shot, shop, shock, problem, drop, qualify, rock, wash, watch, topic

音素层面的区别（6） • [Λ] • Ugly, utmost, other, bus, bubble, butter, duck, cover, supper, subtle, judge, just • [æ] • Apple, add, ash, action, absolute, atom, bad, passion, gather, mad, challenge, fact

音素层面的区别（7） • [а. U] • Loud, shout, doubt, allow, brow, how, about, power, sour, hour, found, sound, bound • [о] VS. [əu] • Old, ocean, know, bone, joke, smoke, radio, slow, glow, told, cold, folk, goal, soul

单词层面的区别（1） • 美式 [æ] VS. 英式 [ɑ: ] • Pass, past, master, cast, fast, last, ask, task, vast, command, demand, half, dance, chance, advantage, laugh, staff, aunt

单词层面的区别（3） • 美式 [əl] VS. 英式 [а. Il] • Volatile, futile, fertile, sterile, versatile, mobile, missile • 美式发音：轻读[I]的含糊与省略 • Believe, supplement, compliment, domesticate, masticate, destination

单词层面的区别（4） • -lu-的读音：美式[lu] VS. 英式 [lju: ]；暗[l]的发音 • Evolution, allure, illusion, deluge；value, polio • 美式奇葩：wh-—[hw]（重读时，元音 凸显）；[h]省略 • What, why, while, overwhelm； Human, herbivore

单词层面的区别（5） • 美式发音：多音节单词中的次重音， 平衡单词的音节结构 • Ordinary, necessary, extraordinary, secretary, military, voluntary, inventory, laboratory, territory, mandatory

单词层面的区别（7） • -ization VS. –isation: 美 式 [I] VS. 英式 [ai] • Civilization, organization, realization, globalization, Americanization, Anglicization • Schedule的发音

整体风格的区别（2） • 鼻音的浓厚程度（美音(twangy)＞ 英音）；在[ɛ][æ][аʊ][а. I]的鼻化元 音中尤其明显 • Can, fan, span, ran, ban, cram, spam, men, send, pen, depend, spend, down, found, count, lounge, line, kind, fine, find, mine, spine