1 GERMANIC TRIBE INVASION CHRISTIANITY LITERACY ANGLOSAXON OLD
1 GERMANIC TRIBE INVASION CHRISTIANITY & LITERACY ANGLO-SAXON (OLD ENGLISH) THE VIKINGS OLD ENGLISH (c. 500 – c. 1100) 9/13/2021
Germanic Tribe Invasion 2 �No longer protected by the Roman military against the constant threat from the Picts and Scots of the North, the Celts felt themselves increasingly vulnerable to attack. 9/13/2021
Protection of the Jutes 3 �Around 430 AD, Celtic warlord Vortigern invited the Jutish brothers Hengest and Horsa (from Jutland in modern-day Denmark), to settle on the east coast of Britain to protect against sea raids by the Picts. 9/13/2021
Other Germanic peoples 4 �The Angles from a region called Angeln �The Frisian people, from the marshes and islands of northern Holland western Germany (from 450 A. D. ) �From the 470 s, the war-like Saxons (from the Lower Saxony area of north-western Germany) �Began to displace the Celts 9/13/2021
Echoes of language 5 �Frisian, especially spoken, has a resemblance to English, �Some Frisian words were incorporated into English, �miel (meal), laam(lamb), goes (goose), bûter (butter ), tsiis (cheese), see (sea), boat (boat), stoarm(storm), rein (rain), snie (snow), frieze (freeze), froast (frost), mist (mist), sliepe (sleep), blau (blue), trije (three), fj our (four), 9/13/2021
What does Frisian sound like? 6 �https: //youtu. be/Xqe. Jn -MAC 8 Q �It’s thought that modern English sounds most like this northern Dutch province’s unique language: *Frisian 9/13/2021
Actually an ‘invasion’? 7 �A gradual blending over several generations �Not a proper invasion, �With the exception of the more remote areas, which remained strongholds of the original Celtic people of Britain. 9/13/2021
Foreigners in their own land 8 �The Celts referred to the European invaders as “barbarians” (as they Germans had previously been labelled themselves) �The invaders referred to the Celts as weales (slaves or foreigners in their Germanic tongue), the origin of the name Wales. �Thus, it can be said that nowadays, the ‘true natives’ of England live in Wales, which itself claims to be its own country in modern times but is under the governmental control of the United Kingdom 9/13/2021
Celtic language 9 �The Celtic language survives today only in the Gaelic languages of Scotland Ireland, the Welsh of Wales, and the Breton language of Brittany. 9/13/2021
Germanic Heptarchy 10 �The Germanic tribes settled in seven smaller kingdoms: the Heptarchy. 9/13/2021
Place Names 11 �Evidence: place names throughout England ending with the Anglo-Saxon “-ing” meaning people of (e. g. Worthing, Reading, Hastings) �“-ton” meaning enclosure or village (e. g. Taunton, Burton, Luton) � “-ford” meaning a river crossing (e. g. Ashford, Bradford, Watford) �“-ham” meaning farm (e. g. Nottingham, Birmingham, *Grantham) � “-stead” meaning a site (e. g. Hampstead). 9/13/2021
Albion – Brittania - Anglaland 12 �Albion (before Roman invasion) �Britannia under the Romans �Became known as Anglaland or Englaland (the Land of the Angles), later shortened to England �Its emerging language as Englisc (now referred to as Old English or Anglo-Saxon, or sometimes Anglo. Frisian). �*Englisc is NOT modern day English* 9/13/2021
Not just a dialect! 13 �Our language began to develop its own distinctive features in isolation from the continental Germanic languages, by around 600 AD. �Four major dialects of Old English gradually emerged: Northumbrian in the north of England, Mercian in the midlands, West Saxon in the south and west, and Kentish in the southeast. 9/13/2021
Christianity and Literacy 14 �St. Augustine and missionaries from Rome brought Christianity to the pagan Anglo-Saxons 597 AD. �Pope Gregory the Great chose him in 595 to lead a mission to Britain to Christianize King Æt helberht and his Kingdom of Kent. 9/13/2021
Archbishop of Canterbury 15 �Augustine was made Archbishop of Canterbury in 601 AD and several great monasteries and centres of learning were established particularly in Northumbria (e. g. Jarrow, Lindisfarne). �Literacy spread through Christianity. 9/13/2021
Runes Alphabet 16 �The Celts and the early Anglo-Saxons used an alphabet of runes, angular characters originally developed for scratching onto wood or stone. 9/13/2021
First known written English Sentence 17 �“This she-wolf is a reward to my kinsman. ” �gaegogae maegae medu �It is an Anglo-Saxon runic inscription on a gold medallion �Found in Suffolk �Dated to about 450 -480 AD. 9/13/2021
“This she-wolf is a reward to my kinsman. ” gaegogae maegae medu 18 9/13/2021
From Runes to Roman Alphabet 19 �Early Christian missionaries introduced the more rounded Roman alphabet �Easier to read and more suited for writing on vellum or parchment. �The Anglo-Saxons adopted the new Roman alphabet, but with the addition of letters such as ("wynn"), þ (“thorn”), ð (“edh” or “eth”) and 3 (“yogh”) from the old runic alphabet for certain sounds not used in Latin. 9/13/2021
More church words from Latin 20 �Loanwords often enter a language from the area of life it touches most (Latin – education – church) �priest, vicar, altar, mass, church, bishop, pope, nun, angel, verse, baptism, monk, eucharist, candle, temple 9/13/2021
Poet, Historian, Scholar 21 �England with its first great poet (Caedmon in the 7 th Century) �Its first great historian (the Venerable Bede in the 7 th -8 th Century) �Its first great scholar (Alcuin of York in the 8 th Century) �ALL OF THEM WROTE IN LATIN! 9/13/2021
Oldest surviving Old English text 22 � "Cædmon's Hymn", composed between 658 and 680. 9/13/2021
Anglo Saxon (Old English) 23 �Most well-known long epic poem: “Beowulf” �May have been written any time between the 8 th and the early 11 th Century by an unknown author or authors �The 3, 182 lines of the work shows that Old English was already a fully developed poetic language by this time. 9/13/2021
Beowulf 24 �Let’s listen to a reading in Old English for a few minutes. Can you understand anything? �Old English is as foreign to a native speaker of modern English as it is to you. �https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=_K 13 GJk. Gv. Dw 9/13/2021
The complexity of Old English 25 �Nouns had three genders (male, female and neuter) �Nouns could be be inflected for up to five cases. There were seven classes of “strong” verbs and three of “weak” verbs, and their endings changed for number, tense, mood and person. �Aren’t you glad modern English has evolved and simplified? 9/13/2021
Root words and false friends 26 �Many of the most basic and common words in use in English today have their roots in Old English, including words like water, earth, house, food, drink, sleep �Be careful of ‘false friends’ �wif (wife, which originally meant any woman, married or not), �fæst (fast, which meant fixed or firm, - more similar to FASTEN - not rapidly). 9/13/2021
Current influence on modern English 27 �Anglo-Saxon vocabulary died out a lot after Vikings started invading �Less than 1% of our current vocabulary is influenced by Old-English �However, 100 of the top most commonly used words are of Old-English origin �Although pronunciations and spellings may have changed significantly over time. 9/13/2021
THE VIKINGS 28 �By the late 8 th Century, the Vikings (or Norsemen) began to make sporadic raids on the east coast of Britain. 9/13/2021
Viking Destruction 29 �In 793, they sacked and looted the wealthy monastery at Lindisfarne in Northumbria 9/13/2021
Danelaw 30 �Viking expansion was finally halted by Alfred the Great 9/13/2021
A split country 31 � In 878, a treaty between the Anglo-Saxons and the Vikings established the Danelaw, splitting the country along a line roughly from London to Chester �Would last about 100 years �Imagine if the line still existed – can you draw any similarities to Korea? 9/13/2021
Influence of Danes on Anglo-Saxon 32 �Under the influence of the Danes, Anglo-Saxon word endings and inflections started to fall away during the time of the Danelaw �Prepositions like to, with, by, etc. became more important to make meanings clear 9/13/2021
Alfred the Great – Champion of ENGLISH! 33 �From his capital town of Winchester, Alfred the Great set about rebuilding and fostering the revival of learning, law and religion. 9/13/2021
Scholar King 34 �Crucially, he believed in educating the people in the vernacular English language, not Latin �He made several translations of important works into English, including Bede’s “Ecclesiastical History of the English People”. (Remember: Bede was a monk at one of the destroyed monasteries, who wrote only in Latin) 9/13/2021
Revered Alfred the Great 35 �He is revered by many as having single-handedly saved English from the destruction of the Vikings �The West Saxon dialect of Wessex became the standard English of the day �He helped raise English to a higher status dialect than any other European one of the times 9/13/2021
Review Quiz 36 �Your professor will put you into groups randomly. You may not select your group. �On a piece of paper, write all your names. �Ask one member to clearly write the answers. �Another group will check your answers and score the quiz. �You can get answers to the quiz at the end. 9/13/2021
Group Quiz 37 � 1. T/F 450 A. D. is when Jutes began arriving to help protect Celts from Picts and Scots of the North. � 2. Was it really a Germanic tribe invasion of England? Why/ why not? � 3. Where do the ‘true natives’ of England live? � 4. The ____ tribes of Germanic people settled into kingdoms known as a: _______. � 5. T/F Anglaland or Englaland where the modern name England is derived from. 9/13/2021
Group Quiz Continued 38 � 6. Who was made Archbishop of Canterbury in 601 A. D. ? � 7. Why is the data from Q. 6 significant? � 8. T/ F The Aramaic and Roman alphabets are significant in English history. � 9. Which language did the first great scholar, poet, and historian of England write in? (like Korean scholars used to write in Chinese) � 10. T/F The oldest surviving text in any recognizable English dialect is Beowulf. 9/13/2021
Group Quiz Continued 39 � 11. Fill in the blanks: Less than ___ % of our current vocabulary is influenced by Old-English However, ____ of the top most commonly used words are of Old-English origin � 12. In which century did the Vikings (Norsemen) begin sporadic raids on England’s east coast? � 13. Danelaw was _______. 9/13/2021
Group Quiz Continued 40 14. Prepositions like to, with, by, took over during Danelaw’s time to make meaning clear and the _____-ed endings of English faded away 15. Open ended question: Why is Alfred the Great revered as a Champion of English? 9/13/2021
Group Quiz Answers 41 � 1. True � 2. No - A gradual blending over several generations � 3. Wales � 4. 7, heptarchy � 5. True � 6. St. Augustine � 7. Several great monasteries and centres of learning were established particularly in Northumbria (e. g. Jarrow, Lindisfarne) and literacy spread through Christianity. 9/13/2021
Group Quiz Answers 42 � 8. F. The RUNIC (angular characters originally developed for scratching onto wood or stone) and Roman alphabets are significant � 9. Latin � 10. F. "Cædmon's Hymn", composed between 658 and 680. � 11. Less than 1% of our current vocabulary is influenced by Old-English. However, 100 of the top most commonly used words are of Old-English origin 9/13/2021
Group Quiz Answers 43 � 12. 8 th Century � 13. In 878, a treaty between the Anglo-Saxons and the Vikings established the Danelaw, splitting the country along a line roughly from London to Chester. Would last about 100 years � 14. Inflected � 15. Alfred the Great set about rebuilding and fostering the revival of learning, law and religion. � He believed in educating the people in the vernacular English language, not Latin. � He made several translations of important works into English, including Bede’s “Ecclesiastical History of the English People”. � He helped raise English to a higher status dialect than any other European one of the times 9/13/2021
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